Identity and Belonging Essay Samples - an Outline

Identity and Belonging Essay Samples - an Outline The War Against Identity and Belonging Essay Samples To begin with, they ought to find what they're passionate about. That's what happened to me. Our identity can frequently be challenged. I would not have thought that. Nevertheless, you willsomeday Jackie. Exactly like Pearl Bailey has said, we have to change so as to survive. Sometimes she found it simpler to indulge Judith. When they find that thing they ought to come across people that are passionate about the exact thing. While we don't choose our families, we can select the close connections we forge with different men and women. On a literal level it's typical of the type of house a migrant family might decide to dwell in. For instance, a man might have the status of father in his loved ones, and is thus anticipated to nurture, educate, guide and guard his children. This can reaffirm the person's identity in society. They've now risen to attain more than nation al status but international also. After the requirements of food and shelter, we have to receive a feeling of acceptance from our peers and societal groups the certain individual revolves around to be able to judge our worth as a person to society. While we're changing, there are parts of identity that we don't have any control over and cannot be changed. Conforming to the demands of a group can often stifle one's true identity, and therefore a person can opt not to belong to a specific group. This approach attempts to spell out the developmental processes of Latino population which basically takes into consideration the feeling of self as a portion of an ethnic culture. Norbu thus demonstrates within this connection an authentic sense of belonging and its positive outcomes are found outside relationships. An individual can besides hold several functions and positions like an uncle. In other scenarios, forget the research step. The Good, the Bad and Identity and Belonging Essay Samples That is the reason we wish to belong somewhere. In addition, it fosters a feeling that we're accepted and loved. Belonging is felt through an individual when they're ready to acquire an understanding of themselves in regard to others. It is a basic need and we all need to belong in some way. Finding Identity and Belonging Essay Samples Online At this time, many are in a dilemma and it will become difficult for them to obtain an area in their new surroundings. It's frequently trick y to belong if we hold various thoughts. Peetr opportunities and values would enable the persona to feel a feeling of worth, since he's not able to distinguish these aspects, there's no feeling of belonging. Finally, relationships are frequently the connections in which individuals locate the truest sense they belong, but the fulfillment of the fundamental need to belong isn't strictly restricted to the confines of a relationship. To derive a real awareness of credence sometimes requires via media. To acquire a real awareness of acceptance sometimes requires compromise. Occasionally a compromise has to be made. Conversely, relationships that do not fit the traditional model of this sort of connection and therefore bring about negative outcomes for individuals can ultimately result in a legitimate sense of not belonging and its related notions of isolation and disaffection. Once an individual decides they do not need to belong to a particular group or community, they demonstrate strength and courage, along with a dominant, unique identity that's ready to cope alone. Therefore belonging is a simple need and we all must belong. Within this time of tweeting and snapchatting it's important to us to have a feeling of belonging. So as to belong to a group, we must give up a number of our personal freedom. A planning stage which leads to the essay outline will help to stick to the logic and include every req uired thought retrieved during the practice of brainstorming. PaperCoach can assist you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! All these thesis statements can be utilised as starting points for arguments about belonging! A choice to conform and belong, however, does not absolutely reap optimistic consequences. It is comparable to the reflective paper. Write down the most intriguing ideas on an individual paper. Mothers normally have complementary roles. Families ideally offer love. This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Essay Writing Service. To acquire a distinctive essay Hire Writer. A cultural identity essay is a kind of creative or academic writing that expresses the sensation of belonging to a specific culture credited to the growing up and becoming a distinct person with its personality. It is one which could be categorized as an over the top comedy. This is an essential portion of the film as it brings out the element of a film which can be watched by means of a family setup. The movie is a comedy drama that's simple to watch and revel in.

Native American Literature - 1067 Words

Native American Literature Storytelling Culture Introduction Native American author Nadine Thader has written a book called The Importance of Storytelling for the Survival of Native American Religion, and in the book Thader describes the way legends and stories were shared from one generation to another, and she insists that the most important function (of storytelling) is to display Native American religion (Thader, 2009, p 21). In fact much the history of Native American tribes has been and is today preserved through the art of storytelling. Thader references Arthur Grove Day, who explained that Indians made poems for many reasons, among them, to: a) praise their gods; b) speak to gods through rites; c) work magical cures or ask for supernatural aid in hunting; d) chronicle tribal history; e) teach proper conduct and explain the origins of the world; f) arouse laughter or ridicule a rival or bewitch an enemy; g) mark the beauties of nature; and h) to boast of ones greatness or to simply express joy and a spirit of fun (Thader, 21). Thader explains that one of the narrative strategies used by Native Americans is through trickster stories; tricksters are those that make mischief, play tricks, tell stories reflecting the consequences of stupidity, greed and inappropriate behavior that are supposed to be funny and make people laugh, Thader explains on page 23. An example of a trickster doing good deeds is Raven, whose story was originally told inShow MoreRelatedNative American And American Literature Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn all my years of studying literature while living in America, I have only one memory of ever having read anything Native American, and that was in grade school. Native American literature is typically left out of studies in general American Literature, although there do exist plenty of programs for studying these types of narratives separately and individually. It has yet to become a prominent area of study and there a differing reasons as to why this is. Part of the lack of study i n this subjectRead MoreAn Introduction to Native American Literature1015 Words   |  5 PagesAN INTRODUCTION TO NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE Native American literatures embrace the memories of creation stories, the tragic wisdom of native ceremonies, trickster narratives, and the outcome of chance and other occurrences in the most diverse cultures in the world. These distinctive literatures, eminent in both oral performances and in the imagination of written narratives, cannot be discovered in reductive social science translations or altogether understood in the historical constructions ofRead MoreEssay on Southeastern Native American Literature1215 Words   |  5 PagesSoutheastern Native American Literature Native American literature from the Southeastern United States is deeply rooted in the oral traditions of the various tribes that have historically called that region home. While the tribes most integrally associated with the Southeastern U.S. in the American popular mind--the FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole)--were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) from their ancestral territories inRead More The Presentation of Native Americans In Childrens Literature1615 Words   |  7 PagesThe Presentation of Native Americans In Childrens Literature In the 1970s the seed of change began to grow in childrens literature. Because American Indians and knowledgeable cultural anthropologists became authors of childrens books, Native American people and culture is now being seen in a more true and distinguishing light. Literature is immensely important when it comes to learning. There are four areas of development that literature takes a huge part in. The first area is languageRead More Perpetuation of Native American Stereotypes in Childrens Literature2176 Words   |  9 PagesPerpetuation of Native American Stereotypes in Childrens Literature Caution should be used when selecting books including Native Americans, due to the lasting images that books and pictures provide to children. This paper will examine the portrayal of Native Americans in childrens literature. I will discuss specific stereotypes that are present and should be avoided, as well as positive examples. I will also highlight evaluative criteria that will be useful in selecting appropriateRead MoreExplore the Role of the Trickster Figure in Native American Literature2123 Words   |  9 Pagesthe trickster figure in Native American culture? What roles do the tricksters play? Drawing on the readings we have done so far for this course, explore what types of language or symbols the trickster is associated with and their relation to cultural values. In your answer, be sure to consider how the trickster figure relates to native American oral culture (the role of ‘stories’ for example). It sounds simple enough to consider the role of the trickster in Native American culture, but examinationRead MoreNative American Literature King s A Coyote s Coyote1362 Words   |  6 PagesEvery culture has its traditions and folktales. Commonly, Native stories tend to make use of trickster figures to promote some sort of moral across. Coyote is one of the most frequent trickster figure amongst this narrative. This wild animal can at times be helpful, but more often than not his foolish and rash personality can meddle with the surrounding environment. Much like Zeus transformed into a swan in Leda and the Swan, Coyote could also change forms. Sometimes he’s an animal, other times he’sRead MoreThe Struggle to Gain Equality: A Study of Native American Woman in Literature1678 Words   |  7 Pagesprove that communism is beneficial. In Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko narrates through Tayo, a young Native American, who suffers posttraumatic stress disorder from World War I I, enters a journey of self-healing with Indian rituals. In Patriarchal Colonialism and Indigenism: Implications for Native Feminist Spirituality and Native Womanism, M.A. Jaimes Guerrero compares and contrast Native American womens roles being influenced in the pre-patriarchal and pre-colonialist times. In Representing ChangingRead MoreThe Role Of Birds In Native American Literature1425 Words   |  6 PagesEveryday birds fly in the sky. They leave the ground of reality and escape to the portal of the spirit world- the sky. Birds are prominent figures in Native American cultures. The significance and spirituality of birds in Native American culture is translated into Native American literature. In Monkey Beach, The Lesser Blessed, and Flight the main characters experience traumatizing events. As indigenous characters, the spirit world and spirituality are mechanisms that they use to cope with theirRead MoreNative American Women s Literature Class883 Words   |  4 Pagesm. Tuesda y morning, and Brittanee Ramallo walks into an African-American women’s literature class with her khakis, button down shirt, tie and vest on. She may be small in height, but her presence makes up for it. Ramallo, a senior studying integrated language arts, shares her views on family, racism, the justice system and students in the heated debates in class. Behind every word she speaks is passion. Ramallo, a New York native, moved to Kent, Ohio to pursue her love in criminal justice, but

The Entertainemnt Industry Essay Research Paper In free essay sample

The Entertainemnt Industry Essay, Research Paper In the past five old ages, the amusement industry has been more and more focussed on the thought of reality-based amusement. This huge desire for apparently unrecorded telecasting has made a great impact upon major web telecasting Stationss. Shows such as MTV? s Real World and CBS? s Survivor are great indexs of society? s compulsion with play in a? unrecorded? state of affairs. It seems our infatuation with these shows stems from our desire to concentrate our attending off from our ain trials and concentrate on jobs elsewhere. Our cryptic privation for struggle among others has forced many webs to arouse such play, for illustration in Survivor, where outcasts are forced to take sides and ballot another member off the island. This thought of societal Darwinism in shows like Survivor and the of all time so popular Big Brother force major webs to make amusement that both provoke and stimulate dissension among participants. Personally, I feel that because of telecasting? s arrested development with reality-based plans, people are now turning to the film industry to acquire off from such realistic signifiers of amusement. Popular films such as Bedazzled, The Ladies Man, and The Exorcist all trade with phantasy type state of affairss. Bedazzled, starring Brendan Frasier and Elizabeth Hurley is about a adult male who sells his psyche to the Satan, played by Hurley. Moviegoers can merely get away world for a few hours by entertaining themselves with subjects such as this. Genres concentrating on such phantasies are seldom seen on prime-time telecasting these yearss, particularly on the major webs such as FOX and ABC. Why is this? Well my feeling is that people feel as if they deserve to come place and take their head of the problems they had for the twenty-four hours. By being able to watch shows such as ER, which ranked first among viewing audiences this past hebdomad, people can direct their attending ont o another individual? s play while disregarding their ain. Voyeurism today is clearly an index of alteration in gustatory sensation for viewing audiences around the universe. Harmonizing to Time Almanac:1999, the top three shows of 1998 were Seinfeld, Veronica? s Closet, and Friends. If you look at the top three shows during months while a world based show is being aired, you will most typically find that show to be figure one among viewing audiences in the rankings. This turning tendency of live-based amusement is puting a new phase for 20 first century viewing audiences today. Real-life issues nevertheless can be distorted at times when being seen 2nd manus. MTV? s Real World has been accused several times of redacting their tape intentionally to demo struggle for the viewing audiences. From my position, I do non see how you can non intentionally make struggle when you put seven wholly different people into one house. Add cameras and you are guaranteed play. This was the same for CBS? s Big Brother this past season. Although the bulk of clip occupants got along merely all right, there were many scenes that focused on the personal jobs of those populating in the house. Whether it dealt with a crush on another member of the house, or a dissension, viewing audiences were able to associate their issues to those in the house, doing them experience as if they are non entirely. This is a primary ground why we see such an addition in reality-based telecasting these yearss. If you analyze current rankings among primetime web shows, you will non happen as many world based shows. This is because seasons of both Survivor and Big Brother hold merely ended. New series? will be coming out sometime in 2001, where webs experience the impact will be even greater than last clip. ABC? s Who Wants To Be A Millionaire is nevertheless still one of the top syndicated shows in the industry today. This provides both a fiddling and existent life position for viewing audiences out at that place. Unlike its other rivals in the universe of? live based? telecasting, Who Wants To Be A Millionaire gives those who watch substance, alternatively of pure provoked struggle. Honestly, from my point of position, I feel the relationship between the film industry and the modern-day issues in society do non stand for each other at all. Movies in my sentiment trade with much more with unrealistic subjects. Either when speaking about comedy, or horror-based movies, films tend to supply a much greater position of our inventive side. Recent movies such as Me, Myself, and Irene and Whipped, give audiences insane comedy that would neer be thought of in the existent universe. I besides feel films leave a greater impact on the head than telecasting shows do. Because films can be sometimes far fetched, people are many times inspired to move upon what they have seen in films. Many school violent deaths such as Columbine have been said to be inspired by films, specifically Basketball Diaries, in which Leonardo Di Caprio? s character shoots his full category during school. These fantasy thoughts given to viewing audiences can sometimes be unsafe for vulnerable adolescents to see, but thanks to Torahs such as our evaluation system, the industry tries it? s best to maintain such films out of the heads of our young person. Another relationship that I found to be really insightful is that of the every night intelligence and play based shows such as Large Brother. As focused on earlier in this category, intelligence today trades with largely negative information and fact-finding coverage. This so called play we see in the intelligence is extremely demanded ; ironically this is precisely what voyeuristic viewing audiences yearn for every bit good: a state of affairs where struggle and negativeness are extremely prevailing. In a state of huge assortment, society has found a common involvement when it comes to telecasting shows today. Reality-based amusement is decidedly the criterion for today? s major webs. It will be interesting to see what Stationss come out with in the following few old ages that deal with our voyeuristic wants. The inquiry on my head is how far are people willing to travel when it comes to subjecting themselves to the populace for agencies of amusement. From what I have witnessed so far, the more money offered, the farther people are willing to take away their privateness and hard currency it in for celebrity. What we must recognize though is that telecasting shows that are based on existent life are still telecasting shows. It? s amusement and we must non allow ourselves acquire buried into the convulsion of others we see on Television today, even if it seems? populate? .

Mind And Machine Essays - Artificial Intelligence,

Mind And Machine Mind and Machine: The Essay Technology has traditionally evolved as the result of human needs. Invention, when prized and rewarded, will invariably rise-up to meet the free market demands of society. It is in this realm that Artificial Intelligence research and the resultant expert systems have been forged. Much of the material that relates to the field of Artificial Intelligence deals with human psychology and the nature of consciousness. Exhaustive debate on consciousness and the possibilities of consciousnessness in machines has adequately, in my opinion, revealed that it is most unlikely that we will ever converse or interract with a machine of artificial consciousness. In John Searle's collection of lectures, Minds, Brains and Science, arguments centering around the mind-body problem alone is sufficient to convince a reasonable person that there is no way science will ever unravel the mysteries of consciousness. Key to Searle's analysis of consciousness in the context of Artificial Intelligence machines are refutations of strong and weak AI theses. Strong AI Theorists (SATs) believe that in the future, mankind will forge machines that will think as well as, if not better than humans. To them, pesent technology constrains this achievement. The Weak AI Theorists (WATs), almost converse to the SATs, believe that if a machine performs functions that resemble a human's, then there must be a correlation between it and consciousness. To them, there is no technological impediment to thinking machines, because our most advanced machines already think. It is important to review Searle's refutations of these respective theorists' proposition to establish a foundation (for the purpose of this essay) for discussing the applications of Artificial Intelligence, both now and in the future. Strong AI Thesis Strong AI Thesis, according to Searle, can be described in four basic propositions. Proposition one categorizes human thought as the result of computational processes. Given enough computational power, memory, inputs, etc., machines will be able to think, if you believe this proposition. Proposition two, in essence, relegates the human mind to the software bin. Proponents of this proposition believe that humans just happen to have biological computers that run wetware as opposed to software. Proposition three, the Turing proposition, holds that if a conscious being can be convinced that, through context-input manipulation, a machine is intelligent, then it is. Proposition four is where the ends will meet the means. It purports that when we are able to finally understand the brain, we will be able to duplicate its functions. Thus, if we replicate the computational power of the mind, we will then understand it. Through argument and experimentation, Searle is able to refute or severely diminish these propositions. Searle argues that machines may well be able to understand syntax, but not the semantics, or meaning communicated thereby. Esentially, he makes his point by citing the famous Chinese Room Thought Experiment. It is here he demonstrates that a computer (a non-chinese speaker, a book of rules and the chinese symbols) can fool a native speaker, but have no idea what he is saying. By proving that entities don't have to understand what they are processing to appear as understanding refutes proposition one. Proposition two is refuted by the simple fact that there are no artificial minds or mind-like devices. Proposition two is thus a matter of science fiction rather than a plausible theory A good chess program, like my (as yet undefeated) Chessmaster 4000 Trubo refutes proposition three by passing a Turing test. It appears to be intelligent, but I know it beats me through number crunching and symbol manipulation. The Chessmaster 4000 example is also an adequate refutation of Professor Simon's fourth proposition: you can understand a process if you can reproduce it. Because the Software Toolworks company created a program for my computer that simulates the behavior of a grandmaster in the game, doesn't mean that the computer is indeed intelligent. Weak AI Thesis There are five basic propositions that fall in the Weak AI Thesis (WAT) camp. The first of these states that the brain, due to its complexity of operation, must function something like a computer, the most sophisticated of human invention. The second WAT proposition states that if a machine's output, if it were compared to

The Consequences of Puritan Depravity and Distrust as Historical Context for Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay Example

The Consequences of Puritan Depravity and Distrust as Historical Context for Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay Example The Consequences of Puritan Depravity and Distrust as Historical Context for Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Paper The Consequences of Puritan Depravity and Distrust as Historical Context for Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Paper The Consequences of Puritan Depravity and Distrust as Historical Context for Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown by Michael E. McCabe Puritan doctrine taught that all men are totally depraved and require constant self-examination to see that they are sinners and unworthy of Gods Grace. Because man had broken the Covenant of Works when Adam had eaten from the Tree of Knowledge, God offered a new covenant to Abrahams people which held that election to Heaven was merely a possibility. In the Puritan religion, believers dutifully recognized the negative aspects of their humanity rather than the gifts they possessed. This shadow of distrust would have a direct influence on early American New England and on many of its historians and writers, one of which was Nathaniel Hawthorne. The influence of Puritan religion, culture and education along with the setting of his hometown of Salem, Massachusetts, is a common topic in Nathaniel Hawthornes works. In particular, Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown allows the writer to examine and perhaps provide commentary on not only the Salem of his own time but also the Salem of his ancestors. Growing up Hawthorne could not escape the influence of Puritan society, not only from residing with his fathers devout Puritan family as a child but also due to Hawthornes study of his own family history. The first of his ancestors, William Hathorne, is described in Hawthornes The Custom House as arriving with the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 with his Bible and his sword (26). A further connection can also be seen in his more notable ancestor John Hathorne, who exemplified the level of zealousness in Puritanism with his role as persecutor in the Salem Witch Trials. The study of his own family from the establishment of the Bay Colony to the Second Great Awakening of his own time parallels the issues brought forth in Young Goodman Brown. In looking into the history of Salem and especially early Puritan society Hawthorne is able to discuss the merits and consequences of such zeal, especially the zeal of the Half-Way Covenant of 1662, the Puritan Catechism of John Cotton, and the repercussions of The Salem Witch trials. Hawthorne sets â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† into a context of Puritan rigidity and self-doubt to allow his contemporary readers to see the consequences of such a system of belief. Hawthorne’s tale places the newly wed Puritan Brown upon the road to what may or may not be a true conversion experience. The conversion experience – a sudden realization brought about by divine intervention, a vision, or perhaps a dream – easily translates into the dream allegory of Hawthorne’s work and allows the author to use Puritan doctrine and the history of Salem to argue the merits and consequences of such a belief. Major issues and themes of Puritanism must have been researched and delicately placed into Hawthorne’s discussion of not only past consequences of Puritan zeal but also on the contemporary religious issue of his own time, the Second Great Awakening. Much like the nighttime witches Sabbath that awaits Goodman Brown, the tent revivals of the 1820’s and 1830’s could be seen by the questioning Hawthorne as another attempt by the church to sway its membership towards total obedience and faith. The importance placed on this event by Goodman Brown shows the importance placed on the conversion experience itself. It can be argued that the Half-Way Covenant – itself a means by which Puritanism attempted to hold onto its congregation – as an antagonist cast further doubt onto the later generations of Puritan society. As the second generation of Puritans were born in America they lacked the zealousness of the first. Waning membership within the congregation made what would come to be known as the Half-Way Covenant an attempt by the church to solve this problem. The Covenant allowed the children of church members to be baptized and become part of the congregation, thus bolstering membership. But in order to be a full member and receive communion the conversion experience was still necessary. Much like the â€Å"journey† in which Brown placed so much significance, the fact that further doubt was now placed upon new members of the church would cause later problems in Puritan society and Salem itself. In a further attempt to deal with lack of zeal within the church, church hierarchy controlled not only the congregation’s culture and laws, but also its education. In order to stress the consequences of such an education – one that would teach a child that man was not only suspect but also guilty of depravity Hawthorne would have most likely relied on Puritan educational history as a setting for the newly married Browns self-examination. In the setting of the tale, Brown would fall under the Half-Way Covenant, and his education under Goody Cloyse in part fosters the need within Brown to enter the forest at night and seek the true conversion experience that would allow him full membership. As Benjamin Franklin V states in Goodman Brown and the Puritan Catechism, Hawthorne used John Cottons Milk for Babes as the education source of Goodman Brown. It was the Puritan belief that man must be instructed to realize his own depravity, and therefore at childhood the education began. In order to understand Browns own background as it pertains to his duty as a Puritan, Franklin returns to Cottons original Catechism. Produced by the students at Florida Gulf Coast University under the direction of Dr. Jim Wohlpart.

Events Leading to the 1959 Tibetan Uprising

Events Leading to the 1959 Tibetan Uprising Chinese artillery shells pummeled the Norbulingka, the Dalai Lamas summer palace, sending plumes of smoke, fire, and dust into the night sky. The centuries-old building crumbled under the barrage, while the badly outnumbered Tibetan Army fought desperately to repel the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) from Lhasa. Meanwhile, amidst the snows of the high Himalaya, the teenaged Dalai Lama and his bodyguards endured a cold and treacherous two-week-long journey into India. Origins of the Tibetan Uprising of 1959 Tibet had an ill-defined relationship with Chinas Qing Dynasty (1644-1912); at various times it could have been seen as an ally, an opponent, a tributary state, or a region within Chinese control. In 1724, during a Mongol invasion of Tibet, the Qing seized the opportunity to incorporate the Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham into China proper. The central area was renamed Qinghai, while pieces of both regions were broken off and added to other western Chinese provinces. This land grab would fuel Tibetan resentment and unrest into the twentieth century. When the last Qing Emperor fell in 1912, Tibet asserted its independence from China. The 13th Dalai Lama returned from three years of exile in Darjeeling, India, and resumed control of Tibet from his capital at Lhasa. He ruled until his death in 1933. China, meanwhile, was under siege from a Japanese invasion of Manchuria, as well as a general breakdown of order across the country. Between 1916 and 1938, China descended into the Warlord Era, as different military leaders fought for control of the headless state. In fact, the once-great empire would not pull itself back together until after World War II, when Mao Zedong and the Communists triumphed over the Nationalists in 1949. Meanwhile, a new incarnation of the Dalai Lama was discovered in Amdo, part of Chinese Inner Tibet. Tenzin Gyatso, the current incarnation, was brought to Lhasa as a two-year-old in 1937  and was enthroned as the leader of Tibet in 1950, at 15. China Moves In and Tensions Rise In 1951, Maos gaze turned west. He decided to liberate Tibet from the Dalai Lamas rule and bring it into the Peoples Republic of China. The PLA crushed Tibets tiny armed forces in a matter of weeks; Beijing then imposed the Seventeen Point Agreement, which Tibetan officials were forced to sign (but later renounced). According to the Seventeen Point Agreement, the privately-held land would be socialized and then redistributed, and farmers would work communally. This system would first be imposed on Kham and Amdo (along with other areas of the Sichuan and Qinghai Provinces), before being instituted in Tibet proper. All the barley and other crops produced on the communal land went to the Chinese government, according to Communist principles, and then some were redistributed to the farmers. So much of the grain was appropriated for use by the PLA that the Tibetans did not have enough to eat. By June of 1956, the ethnic Tibetan people of Amdo and Kham were up in arms. As more and more farmers were stripped of their land, tens of thousands organized themselves into armed resistance groups  and began to fight back. Chinese army reprisals grew increasingly brutal and included wide-spread abuse of Tibetan Buddhist monks and nuns. China alleged that many of the monastic Tibetans acted as messengers for the guerrilla fighters. The Dalai Lama visited India in 1956  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹and admitted to Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru that he was considering asking for asylum. Nehru advised him to return home, and the Chinese Government promised that communist reforms in Tibet would be postponed and that the number of Chinese officials in Lhasa would be reduced by half. Beijing did not follow through on these pledges. By 1958, as many as 80,000 people had joined the Tibetan resistance fighters. Alarmed, the Dalai Lamas government sent a delegation to Inner Tibet to try and negotiate an end to the fighting. Ironically, the guerrillas convinced the delegates of the righteousness of the fight, and Lhasas representatives soon joined in the resistance! Meanwhile, a flood of refugees and freedom fighters moved into Lhasa, bringing their anger against China with them. Beijings representatives in Lhasa kept careful tabs on the growing unrest within Tibets capital city. March  1959 - The Uprising Erupts in Tibet Proper Important religious leaders had disappeared suddenly in Amdo and Kham, so the people of Lhasa were quite concerned about the safety of the Dalai Lama. The peoples suspicions, therefore, were raised immediately when the Chinese Army in Lhasa invited His Holiness to watch a drama at the military barracks on March 10, 1959. Those suspicions were reinforced by a none-too-subtle order, issued to the head of the Dalai Lamas security detail on March 9, that the Dalai Lama should not bring along his bodyguards. On the appointed day, March 10, some 300,000 protesting Tibetans poured into the streets and formed a massive human cordon around  Norbulingkha, the Dalai Lamas Summer Palace, to protect him from the planned Chinese abduction. The protestors stayed for several days, and calls for the Chinese to pull out of Tibet altogether grew louder each day. By March 12, the crowd had begun to barricade the streets of the capital, while both armies moved into strategic positions around the city and began to reinforce them. Ever the moderate, the  Dalai Lama  pleaded with his people to go  home  and sent placatory letters to the Chinese PLA commander in Lhasa. When the PLA moved artillery into  the range  of the Norbulingka, the Dalai Lama agreed to evacuate the building. Tibetan troops prepared a secure escape route out of the besieged capital on March 15. When two artillery shells struck the palace two days later, the young Dalai Lama and his ministers began the arduous 14-day trek over the Himalayas  for  India. On March 19, 1959, fighting broke out in earnest in Lhasa. The Tibetan army fought bravely, but they were vastly outnumbered by the PLA. In addition, the Tibetans had antiquated weapons. The firefight lasted just two days. The Summer Palace, Norbulingka, sustained over 800 artillery shell strikes that killed an unknown number of people inside; the major monasteries were bombed, looted and burned. Priceless Tibetan Buddhist texts and works of art were piled in the streets and burned. All remaining members of the Dalai Lamas bodyguard corps were lined up and publicly executed, as were any Tibetans discovered with weapons. In all, some 87,000 Tibetans were killed, while another 80,000 arrived in neighboring countries as refugees. An unknown number tried to  flee  but did not make it. In fact, by the time of the next regional census, a total of about 300,000 Tibetans were missing - killed, secretly jailed, or gone into exile. Aftermath of the 1959 Tibetan Uprising Since the 1959 Uprising, the central government of China has been steadily tightening its grip on the Tibet. Although Beijing has invested in infrastructure improvements for the region, particularly in Lhasa itself, it has also encouraged thousands of ethnic Han Chinese to move to Tibet. In fact, Tibetans have been swamped in their own capital; they now constitute a minority of the population of Lhasa. Today, the Dalai Lama continues to head the Tibetan government-in-exile from Dharamshala, India. He advocates increased autonomy for Tibet, rather than full independence, but the Chinese government generally refuses to negotiate with him. Periodic unrest still sweeps through Tibet, especially around important dates such as March 10 to 19 - the anniversary of the 1959 Tibetan Uprising.

Knowledge-Sharing Tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Knowledge-Sharing Tools - Essay Example A blog may be run from individual diaries to aims of media programmes, political campaigns as well as corporations in addition to from one infrequent author to a big community of authors. Most blogs are interactive and facilitate visitors to write and leave comments resulting in a community of readers focused on the blog whereas others are not interactive (Pellen & Miller, 2013). There are several benefits associated with blogs. Thus, blogs can be used as a principal source of news since they are suitable for sharing particularly breaking news with a large online audience, immediate reporting of conferences and events. Thus event updates which go out to people are current and offer personal perspective. The other advantage of a blog is that it can be used for conversations and can be utilized as a springboard to debate as well as voice opinions (Pellen & Miller, 2013). By its very nature, a blog can act as an avenue for individuals to pause from conventional communication approaches that seem to match the organizational red tape (Hastings & Domegan, 2013).Blogs also allow the hearing of human voice via reviews, commentaries and interviews which have been written by real people on the basis of first-hand experience. Consequently a blog that is well-written usually bonds with readers on a personal level, implying that it is the personal voice of the blogger that is ‘heard’. The other benefit of a blog is for personal and project information management meaning that a blog can act as a daily digest of news and activities. A blog is a one-stop shop for one’s videos, photos, web links and documents (Guffey & Loewy, 2010). Lastly a blog is beneficial in the sense that it facilitates knowledge sharing since blogging dictates that writers offer adequate links to extra information and resources. Such information is distilled, selected as well as organized to assist in elucidating and improving the understanding of the

Assigment annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assigment - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors say that the function of the Cyanobacterial FurA is to act as a global regulator that links â€Å"iron homeostasis to photosynthetic metabolism and the responses to different environmental stresses† (Botello-Morte, et al). According to the scholars, FurA regulates various genes involved in redox homeostasis and works to meet the characteristics of a heme-sensor protein, whose interaction with this cofactor can have a negative impact on its DNA binding ability. Targeting Virulence not Viability in the Search for Future Antibacterials is a research paper written by Heras, Scanlon, and Martin. In this article, the authors give particular focus to the subject ‘rapid antibiotic resistance’. The writers assert that improved approaches need to be developed for new antibacterials to overcome the issue of rapid antibiotic resistance. For this purpose, the researchers examine the development of improved new antibacterial drugs that do not either kill bacteria or hinder their growth but fight disease through targeting bacterial virulence. This research work gives readers a clear view of why existing approaches or techniques are not capable of addressing the issue of rapid antibiotic resistance in antibacterials. The study leaves further scope for experiments in the field of medical research. Botello-Morte L., Bes, M. T., Heras, B., Fernà ¡ndez-Otal, à ., Peleato, M. L & Fillat, M.F. (March 20, 2014). Unraveling the Redox Properties of the Global Regulator FurA from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120: Disulfide Reductase Activity Based on Its CXXC Motifs. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 20(9): 1396-1406. Nagpal, J., Tan, J. L., Truscott, K. N., Heras, B & Dougan, D. A. (2013). Control of protein function through regulated protein degradation: biotechnological and biomedical applications. J MolMicrobiolBiotechnol 23(4-5):335-44. Daly, N. L., Thorstholm, L., Greenwood, K.

Sexual assaults Essay Example for Free

Sexual assaults Essay From a Freudian point of view the rape and sexual assaults discussed in this example, stemmed from the impulses from his id which were demanding sexual gratification. Freud may have contended that Tysons id had won control of the available psychic energy coursing through his body, which neither the ego nor the superego could stop or negotiate. This sexual energy and desire from the id arguably overpowered Tysons mind and his focus was to obtain sexual satisfaction. From this perspective other illustrations of Tysons id taking control of his psychic energy are evident when considering his behaviour during his youth. Hoffer, (1998) has noted that he habitually stole from people who had something he wanted, and assaulted others who tried to stop him. In these instances the demands Tysons id forced him to take whatever he wanted, even if it was to the detriment of others. However, it is ironic to note that these impulses from his id which forced him into engaging in this type of behaviour to satisfy its demands were the very same impulses that gained him respect, fame and fortune inside the boxing ring. Arguably, his ids desire to retain the title and maintain the status and respect he now had, facilitated him to achieving a high position in life. Paradoxically this argument lends a little more credence to Horneys theory of inner safety. Arguably, Tyson was indeed being driven by demands from his id in a Freudian sense, but these demands were bound now by the rules and regulations set out by the boxing authorities and this framework provided him with a sense of safety. Boxing protocol ensured that Tysons safety was not under threat and this enabled him to perform his aggression in a controlled, supervised and acceptable manner. As stated earlier Tyson was a victim of bullying. However it was also noted that he reached the stage where he himself became the bully. Younger weaker children were the first targets Tyson chose to assault, but he quickly progressed to older children when he found he could beat them easily. His fighting ability, which was swift and vicious, resulted in him gaining respect throughout the neighbourhood and becoming an accepted member of the gangs. It could be argued from both of the points of view in this discussion that Tyson was using defence mechanisms in order to abate his anxiety. From a Freudian perspective the bullies who taunted Tyson made him feel inferior causing him biological anxiety. The bullying that he suffered resulted in his ego feeling threatened and losing its balance of power, and in order to regain this balance, his defensive reaction was to eliminate the source of the threat. This example of Tyson targeting younger weaker children is a good illustration of Freuds defence mechanism of displacement. Corey, (2001 p72) notes that one way for a person to cope with anxiety is discharge impulses from a threatening object to a safer target. However, Horneys description of the defence mechanism Tyson used here would be slightly different. From this point of view it would be described as compulsive aggression. Accordingly, people who display this type of aggression are making an effort to hide any sign of weakness or fear by moving against people. The compulsive needs of this type of individual according to Horneys theory, is such that they have a need to dominate and control others. ( Fadiman Frager, 1994 p141) It could be argued here that every time Tyson beat a child who taunted him he regained his feeling of safety. Subsequently, each time Tyson felt the need to regain this feeling he repeated the actions. A further reinforcement Tyson may have found from these actions was the added bonus of gaining respect from his peers and becoming an accepted member of his immediate surroundings. Arguably this exact pattern of events brought him success, fame and fortune inside the boxing ring. This huge money earning period of Tysons life enabled him to enjoy a lavish lifestyle. It was noted by (Hoffer, 1998) that Tyson had a passion for collecting expensive possessions. He owned Siberian tigers, cars, fur coats and mansions. From a Freudian point of view Tyson could be said to be fixated in his Anal stage of psychosexual development. This stage of development according to Freuds theory happens between the ages of one and three. An important aspect of this stage is the toilet training of a child. A child learns during this time to control his sphincter and bladder and could find that he is chastised for mistakes or praised for conforming to his parents wishes. The child may pass a bowel movement and feel immensely proud of it he may then seek praise from his parent but feel dejection when he did not receive it. This situation may render the child with feelings of deflation and rejection. Fixation in this stage according to (Corey, 2001) can then occur. Corey, goes on to note that this can manifest in later life as a need to collect possessions for which one can feel proud so that the earlier feelings of deflation and rejection do not reoccur. Arguably though, this aspect of Freuds theory would be difficult to support with empirical evidence. Most people would be unable to recall with any degree of accuracy the toilet training methods employed by their parents. Horneys theory of cultural and environmental factors surrounding a persons childhood having a critical effect on their behaviour in adulthood would be easier to provide evidence for.

Macbeth :: Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

Loyalty is extremely important for the human race to possess since selfish creatures like us would create chaos if we were to not have an attachment to anything. In Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the main character's, Macbeth's, story is a prime example of the chaos that could ensue with the absence of loyalty amongst the humankind. Loyalty to one's parents, friends, morals, country and so much more is what keeps one performing and living live realistically for the good of everyone and not just for one's self. In Macbeth, Macbeth threw off his loyalty to his King and kin to fully surrender himself to his desire for power. That instant where he commits to his own selfish wants, chaos began. People get murdered left and right, the lies and treason never stop and everything goes wrong for everyone, the natural order of things was disturbed. Shakespeares himself hints at this chaos by including a change of setting, usually slipping into a chaotic storm or a dark foreboding night to symb olize the absolute wrongness of the things happening. Some outcomes of strong loyalty are not always positive. For example, a battered wife that is loyal to her husband and will not leave him. Or a gambler that is loyal and dedicated to a slot machine. Shakespeare understood this negative loyalty and demonstrated it in Macbeth. He proved that loyalty isn’t always a good thing. In most cases loyalty to one thing means a lack to something else. For instance, a mother that is dedicated to her children could mean a slack at her job or at her relationship with her husband for the lack of attention they receive. The loyalty or lack thereof is the cause of Scotland’s downfall under Macbeth’s rule. Duncan is the King of Scotland and he has great loyalty and respect for his land. This is positive loyalty. Duncan says, â€Å"So well thy wounds. /They smack of honor both. Go get him surgeons.† (I. ii. 43-44) Duncan is talking about the honor that he feels for Macbeth for his victory in fighting for his land. Duncan later says to Macbeth, â€Å"True, worthy Banquo: he is full so valiant.† (I. iv. 54) Duncan is complimenting Macbeth for his loyalty, which proves his respect for his country and people who fight for it. Macbeth is loyal to his wife, which ends up costing lives.

Agribusiness

Agribusiness as a way of life Agribusiness for me is a systematic structure of well coordinated and oriented subsystems which makes the agriculture stable. Agribusiness can be viewed as a system, in which it compose of many subsystems. In agriculture where crops are cultivated to produce crops, the agribusiness plays an important role to distribute those crops in proper places at high value. Well, we all know that agriculture doesn't only involve in crops but also in poultry and livestock, fishery and forestry.It also plays an important role of the daily lives of the people, where the incessant interaction and circulation of commodities is discerned. Without Agribusiness, goods and services will not be delivered to various consumers and the needs and wants of the people cannot be attained. Agribusiness is tantamount to open system which composes of various subsystems. And in order for the system to be viable, its subsystem should also be viable. Any system has its own gaps and weakne sses that may lead the whole system to collapse.And it is obvious that to prevent the whole system to collapse, the operation of each and every subsystem should be well orchestrated, well coordinated and lastly well synchronized to make the whole system viable as it should be. By effective coordination and synergism, agribusiness as viable open system can be attained. The importance of agribusiness as a field of discipline is that we will discern the gaps and weaknesses of our career in which we could devise some individual developmental plan to improve ourselves as well mounded individual, highly competitive meeting national and global needs.Due to ineffable importance of agribusiness in people's daily lives. Many improvements were developed to make human needs, wants and activities much more accessible and easier leading to global industrialization. Annually, investments trends, prospects or development in agribusiness continuously devised to sustain domestic and global needs. The current investment trend or developments in Agribusiness is the â€Å"Biotech investment trend in Europe and Asia for 2012† in which it is stated that theE companies are finally following US and also Japanese organizations in improving their purchase in â€Å"agro-biotechnology' inside Asia. Although simply no precise figures can be obtained, estimates coming from different options indicate in which biotechnology purchase by E firms inside Asia provides increase coming from US dollars 230 million inside 1993 to be able to US dollar 270 thousand in 1995. The growing investment is combined with an increasing variety in business projects. (www. Investment-trend. Bloodspot. Com)

Cultural studies of Organization communication Essay

According to Saran and Kalliny (2009), there are many theories which explain the organizational behavior relative to changes in the structures. Saran and Kalliny (2009, para. 4) continue to explain that there are many â€Å"variables potentially affecting the implementation process including corporate culture issues, such as formalization, decentralization, functional differentiation, leadership, job satisfaction and job involvement and organizational dynamic issues, such as resources and communication. † The review of literature about this topic focuses on these key areas by providing historical and contemporary issues that have been captured within the scope of this research. Communication is one of the most essential things that an organization requires to prosper in any market especially during turbulent business environments. Dubrin (1997) was of the opinion that communication is a very important aspect that unites all systems of the organization. Managers spend most of their time communicating with different stakeholders to create an efficient flow of activities. Knowledge management is very vital to managers since the efficient operation of any organization depends on how information is managed. The long term survival of any organization depends on the ability to manage information and knowledge for the efficient communication. People exchange, process and use information through the system of knowledge management (Bakan et al, n. d. ). Organizational structure defines the various divisions within an organization and establishes a system of coordinating the various resources for the achievement of the goals and objectives. Decision making process follows the structure of the organization to ensure all responsible individuals make the appropriate decisions. The managers create a system of collecting information and ideas from all stakeholders during the process of decision making to ensure all parties are included in the decisions of the organization. All the forces to the organization must be considered during the decision making process, that is, environmental forces, technological forces and the strategies being adopted by the organization. The restructuring process must ensure that the managers create systems which make maximum use of the resources available to the organization. The definition of tasks, allocation of different resources and the arrangement of resources as well as tasks should match the structure, goals and objectives of the organization. Organizational structure provides the systems to be followed during division of labor, when delegating authority and responsibilities, when establishing units of command, and the span of control. The structure of the organization defines the strategies to be adopted when delegating authority and responsibilities (Porter, 1985). The use of technology is encouraged in developing organizational structures which match the needs of an organization. The use of information communication technology has increased as the need for efficiency in both private and public corporations intensifies. Technology helps people learn about the use of better knowledge about improving their systems. Good governance in organization requires the establishment of a clear organizational hierarchy to define the roles of each individual involved in the activities of the organization (Wade, 2002). The use of technology has been encouraged by many organizations to adjust the existing structures to fit new strategies that are required for improved performance. When new technologies are adopted, the management must introduce other structures to ensure their implementation takes place efficiently. The people working in an organization need to be educated and persuaded about the new technologies being adopted by the organization to ensure they utilize them for the benefits of all stakeholders (Evan & Black, 1967). The technology must be relevant to the goals and objectives of the organization. The organizational factors must be well studied and analyzed to introduce a better system which is in line with all systems of the organization. Increase in technological innovation has attracted much attention especially due to the existence of scarce resources within the organization. Managers reshuffle the workers in their organization as well as creating other structures to ensure the organization adopts the new technologies being introduced (Rogers, 1995). Saran and Kalliny (2009) are of the opinion that implementing new technologies is complex and involves uncertainty. The uncertainty brings about conflicts between different stakeholders of the organization due to the new structures introduced. The uncertainty may create resistance from the people involved in the activities of the organization. The management must conduct adequate research about the best strategies to implement the technologies to ensure minimum resistance emanates from the individuals working in the organization (Rogers, 1995). However, Gill (2003, pg. 316) identified that many organizations do not conduct adequate research before implementing their new technologies and this has led to â€Å"low success rate, given the importance of the same in a very dynamic and ever changing business environment, where customers not only demand new products and services but also newness in the product offering. † Implementing new technologies requires introducing changes within the structure of the organization and behavior change is essential to ensure all stakeholders readily accept the new ideas. Behavior change is difficult where there is uncertainty about the technologies to be adopted. This may hinder implementation of the innovations. Organizations take a longer period to adapt to new changes compared to individuals. Fariborz (1991) suggested that the revolution in technology being observed today requires organizations to integrate the variables of the organization with implementation strategies. He continued to explain that technologies are the main vehicles of change and that individual, organizational and environmental factors affect the implementation of many technologies and innovations. Accepting change is the basis of introducing new technologies within the organization (Saran & Kalliny, 2009). For an organization to adapt to new technologies there is need to link the organization to the appropriate technologies which match the structures within the system. The innovations and technologies adapt to the organizational and industrial structures with time and the management must be patient enough to allow the new systems become incorporated into the processes of the organization (Van De Ven, 1986). There is a learning process involved in the adoption of new strategies. The old systems must be done away with to ensure the people do not revert to them. The culture of the organization should be adjusted to accommodate the new changes. Changing the culture requires changing the attitudes and values of the people involved in the activities of the organization. Changing the culture is not an easy thing and many people will become opposed to these strategies since there are gains and losses to many people when new systems are introduced. The culture of an organization defines the values, norms, and attitudes that people have. The management must create structures which match the culture of the organization. The culture determines the best strategies to be adopted by the people working in an organization. The managers have a responsibility to establish a culture which suits the needs of the workers and other stakeholders of the organization (Bridges, 1991). The implementation of innovations and technologies requires a process to ensure all the stakeholders respond to the new systems successfully. The process starts from acquiring knowledge about the new systems, forming attitude about it, adopting or rejecting the new decisions, implementing and confirmation. Until the decisions are implemented, all activities prior to this involve mental processes. The installation of the ideas into real sustainable process is the final stage which determines the success of the management to implement its strategies (Pierce and Delbecq, 1977). Corporate restructuring allows the managers bring changes within the organization to accommodate new and better structures which improve the performance of an organization. The need to globalize domestic markets has forced many organizations to adopt better structures to create new market opportunities, overcome threats from organizations and diffuse models of business that relate to globalization. To improve the costs and revenue structures of the organization, managers have developed variety of objectives to ensure all aspects of management are captured (Jones, 2002). Formalization within the organizational structure provides the procedures to be observed when conducting the various activities by the individuals working in the organization. Organizational hierarchy describes the jobs and the amount of freedom provided to the stakeholders of the organization (Cohn & Turyn, 1980). For the effective adoption and implementation of new technologies, the formal structures must be followed when performing duties within the organization. All systems of the organization should be properly coordinated to ensure the implementation of the new ideas is successful (Kim, 1980). Formal procedures are introduced within the organization to reduce stress which may originate from confusion that occurs when systems are not properly coordinated. Formal structures provide the lower level employees of the organization with equal opportunities to avoid discretion in the allocation of duties and rewards. The planning process requires the management to create a properly coordinated system that will bring about successful implementation of new technologies (Zaltman, Duncan & Holbek, 1973). The use of communication is expressed in the organizational hierarchy where formal communication procedures are established. All people must adhere to the communication structures that the management has established for effective operation of activities. The organizational chart provides the flow of authority, information and other resources. The managers restructure the organizational structure as need arises and provide new roles to different individuals. Restructuring the organization requires creating a proper system so that all individuals can adjust accordingly (Bakan et al n. d. ; Porter, 1985). The global recession that affected all global economies in the world forced many organizations to adopt new strategies to improve their performance as well as ensure the corporate survival in the global markets. Many organizations have restructured their systems to adapt to the new changes brought about by the effects of the recession. To reduce the increasing costs of production, managers are adopting a downsizing strategy (Harman, 2009). The reduction in sales volume in the global markets provides managers with the decision to create better systems and structures which improve the image of the organization in the global markets (Dewar and Dutton, 1986). Hitt et al (1994) established that over the last two decades, many organizations have carried out extensive re-structuring process to cope with the changing global markets. The media and communications industry has been characterized by increasing competition in both local and global markets. Organizations need to restructure their activities to accommodate the changes in the global markets. Gregory (1999) provides that â€Å"corporate downsizing has been implemented by a large number of American firms in an effort to become more flexible and responsive to increased competition. † The strategy to down size many organizations have not been responsive to the strategy of reducing the costs of production. The impacts of downsizing upon the employees of these companies have been worse. Cases of stress among the remaining employees have been reported by organizations which have used downsizing as a strategy to restructure their systems. Other negative impacts related to downsizing are reduction in career opportunities and reduction in the loyalty to the company by the employees. The loss of very important employees is another risk associated with downsizing organizations (Hitt et al 1994). Decentralization of authority is an important aspect when implementing better hierarchies which ensure the organization is successful in its efforts to create a better structure. Decentralization allows all members of the organization to participate in the decision making process. Employees are able to translate the decisions made by their managers into specific plans of actions. For effective communication, the management should introduce a decentralized system to ensure all members of the organization contribute towards the activities of the organization. Decentralization ensures that all decisions are implemented successfully by establishing different work centers where different individuals can contribute their ideas. Workers are ready to own decisions when they participate in the decision making as well as implementation process (Jones and Jennifer, 2003). Proper leadership strategies within the organization should be adopted when implementing the new technologies. Leadership refers to the ability of the management to influence the subordinates to contribute willingly to the goals of the organization. The managers should have the skills of influencing others to accept the new structures for the success of the organization. Managing change within the organization requires proper leadership skills so that the managers can influence their followers about developing new behaviors to adapt to the new systems of the organization (Robbins, 1998). To ensure the employees accept the new technologies, the management should ensure the employees are satisfied in the jobs assigned to them. Job satisfaction creates the willingness to perform duties without being forced and motivates the employees to improve their performance (Herzberg, Mausner and Synderman, 1959). Functional differentiation allows the management to introduce better systems within the organization. Kimberly and Evansisko (1981, pg. 693) define functional differentiation as a process â€Å"which represents the extent to which an organization is divided into different units, normally measured by the different number of units under the top management. † The extent to which an organization differentiations its structures determines the success in implementing technologies. The communication process is made efficient by a high differentiation of the processes. The top management has the role of ensuring all employees comply with the established rules for the efficient operation of the differentiated units of the organization (Baldridge and Burnham, 1975). To ensure employees are satisfied by the various duties assigned to them, the management should differentiate the organizations units and allocate jobs according to the skills and experience of the individual employees. The use of technology in different units should ensure that the subordinates are allocated the appropriate units to avoid conflicts (Ahls, 2001). Bibliography Ahls, B. , 2001. Organizational behavior: A model for cultural change. Ind. Manage. , 43: 6-9. Bakan, I. , Tasliyan, M, Buyukbese, T. , Eraslan, I. H & Coskun, M (n. d. ). Organizational communications: the role of information technology (it). Retrieved 5 June 2010 from; Baldridge, J. and R. Burnham, (1975). Organizational innovation: Individual, organizational and environmental impacts. Admin. Sci. Q. , 20: 165-176. Bridges, W. , 1991. Managing Transitions: Making the Most of Change. 1st Edn. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. , Massachusetts. Cohn, S. F. and R. M. Turyn, (1980). The structure of a firm and the adoption of process innovations. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. , 27: 98-102. Dewar, R. D. and J. E. Dutton, (1986). The adoption of radical and incremental innovations: An empirical analysis. Manage. Sci. , 32: 1422-1433. Dubrin, A. J. (1997). Essentials of management, South-Western College Publishing, Ohio. Evan, W. M. and G. Black, (1967). Innovation in business organizations: Some factors associated with success or failure of staff proposals. J. Business, 40: 516-530. Fariborz, D. , (1991). Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Acad. Manage. J. , 34: 555-590. Gill, R. , (2003). Change management-or change leadership? J. Change Manage. , 3: 307-318. Harman, Chris Zombie (2009). Capitalism: Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx / London: Bookmarks Publications. ISBN 9781905192533 Herzberg, F. , B. Mausner and B. B. Synderman, (1959). The Motivation to Work. 1st Edn Wiley, New York. Hitt, Michael A. , Barbara W. Keats, Herbert F. Harback, and Robert D. Nixon (1994). Rightsizing: Building and Maintaining Strategic Leadership and Long-Term Competitiveness, Organizational Dynamics, 23:2, 18-32 Gregory, Jannifer (1999). â€Å"Encouraging Organizational Learning Through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing†. M@n@gement, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 163-181. Jones, Marc T. (17 Apr 2002). Globalization and organizational restructuring: A strategic perspective. Thunderbird International Business Review, Volume 44, Issue 3 (p 325-351). Jones, R. G. and M. G. Jennifer, 2003. Contemporary Management. 1st Edn. McGraw-Hill, Irwin, California. Kim, L. , 1980. Organizational innovation and structure. J. Business Res. , 8: 225-245. Kimberly, J. R. and M. J. Evansisko, (1981). Organizational innovation: The influence of individual, organizational and contextual factors on hospital adoption of technological and administrative innovations. Acad. Manage. J. , 24: 689-713. Pierce, J. L. and A. L. Delbecq, (1977). Organization structure individual attitudes and innovation. Acad. Manage. Rev. , 2: 27-37. Porter, M. E. , 1985. Competitive Advantage. 1st Edn. Free Press, New York. Robbins, S. P. , 1998. Organizational Behavior. 1st Edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Rogers, E. M. , 1995. Diffusion of Innovations. 3rd Edn. , Free Press, New York. Saran, A. , L. Serviere & M. Kalliny, (2009). Corporate culture, organizational dynamics and

Impact of Music on Soiety in the 1960 essays

Impact of Music on Soiety in the 1960 essays Impact of music on society in the 1960s The Rolling Stones and The Beatles had a very great impact on society as of many reasons. Firstly, music was becoming ever more important in the everyday life of the youth. Music programmes on television such as Top of the Pops, Six Five Special and Ready Steady Go gave the music more publicity. There were also more radio stations broadcasting music, which helped spread the music. Gramophones and records were also becoming cheaper so more and more people could afford them and therefore more people were listening to the music. This in turn lead to bands becoming bigger and therefore causing a greater impact on society. The Beatles were one of the few bands that wrote and performed their own music. They were all working class and were accented Liverpool lads. They had their own unique sound, which was a mixture of Rhythm and Blues, Rock and Roll and Tamla Motown. It was this that separated The Beatles from any performers that came before them. Brian Epstein, their manager, had also created an image for The Beatles by making them wear suits with no collar and having them cut their hair into pudding basin style hairstyles. In doing so he created the Beatle jacket and the Beatle hairstyle. This was a clear, easily identifiable image, which made the Beatles so well known and their music so popular. Lyrics in their music were of real life, which caught the imagination of teenagers around the world. They had become heroes and represented the victory of youth over old age. Their influence went far beyond their music they wrote and performed. Their clothes, hair, accents and offhand attitudes seemed to sum up the new age of the Sixties. The Rolling Stones came after The Beatles, but were just as influential as The Beatles. They were becoming very popular in this period as of their characteristics and their music. They were accented, flamboyant and rough round the edges. The thing tha...

Top 10 part-time holiday jobs this season

Top 10 part-time holiday jobs this season ‘Tis the season†¦to think about whether you want a seasonal holiday job this year. If you wait until the Black Friday ads are out and Starbucks unveils its holiday coffee cup designs to start thinking about what you want to do for your seasonal holiday job, it’s likely too late. So we’ve got some of the best part-time holiday gigs this year, to help you seize those early opportunities to make extra cash this holiday season. But before you get started, there are a few checklist items you should have ready, so that you’re ready to apply for jobs as they come up- because seasonal hiring can move awfully fast.Get your resume application-ready. Have your interview outfit ready to go. For a seasonal job, this may be more casual than the traditional dark suit. Whatever outfit you choose, it should be neat (no loose threads or weird hems), cleaned, and ready to go at a moment’s notice.Get in the right mindset. Holiday jobs are likely to demand your time during unconventional or inconvenient shifts. Make sure your mental expectations are aligned with a potentially hectic schedule that doesn’t leave you with a lot of free time or holiday down time.Let’s look at some of the top opportunities this holiday season, from the classic (retail) to less orthodox jobs you may not have considered.Retail Sales AssociateWhen you think of â€Å"seasonal part-time job,† you probably think of a role in a busy retail store, helping keep shelves stocked while hordes of holiday shoppers come through looking for the perfect gift. And that’s because it’s a perennial opportunity for people looking for temporary work over the holidays. You don’t need to commit to retail as a career for this kind of job, but it can also be a great experience-builder if you want to seek more retail opportunities in the future. This tends to be an â€Å"all hands on deck† kind of job. You may be tasked with assisting customers on the floor, completing sales as a cashier, or working behind the scenes with inventory, merchandising, and stocking- whatever needs doing to accommodate the holiday crowds. If this is the route you want to take, start with the big retailers (Target, WalMart, Kohl’s, etc.), but don’t be afraid to look at every store in your area and see if they have any â€Å"help wanted† notices popping up either in store or online.What you’ll need: A good retail resume, strong customer service skills to deal with every kind of customer imaginable, and time management skills. You may also be asked to work long or odd shifts throughout the holidays, so flexibility is key.Snow Removal Drivers/WorkersWe may still be firmly in autumn mode right now, but as the Starks tell us, winter is indeed coming. Many private snow removal companies and towns/cities are already looking ahead to the snowy season, hiring part-time and seasonal help to prepare for the winter’s storm s. This is less of an option if you live in, say, Florida, but if you live in an area that sees its share of snow and ice over the winter months, it can be a good option.What you’ll need: A valid driver’s license and the ability to handle heavy equipment like plows, sanding trucks, and sidewalk snow removal tools.Christmas Tree WorkersThe holiday season means Christmas tree sales, either at dedicated tree farms/garden centers, or big box stores that also sell trees (think Home Depot or Lowe’s). From Thanksgiving to Christmas, these employees help meet the influx of customers, selling and preparing trees for travel home, as well as selling and stocking other seasonal plants.What you’ll need: The ability to lift heavy objects, stand for long shifts, and work outdoors in varying conditions.Seasonal ActorsAnother classic seasonal job is playing Santa (if you’ve got the girth and the lap- beard is usually provided for you), or his entourage (think elves and Mrs. Claus). This job has been a mainstay of malls and department stores for decades and usually runs from Thanksgiving-ish through to Christmas. But Christmas actors aren’t the only ones who are needed on a seasonal basis- if you look early enough (say, September), there are also a lot of Halloween-themed jobs available, working in haunted houses or amusement parks as scary extras.What you’ll need: Acting skills, people skills, and customer service skills.Seasonal PhotographersAll the Santas and the elves come with a very important seasonal role: the photographer. Individual stores, malls, and events hire photographers every year to capture the holiday merriment for posterity. Seasonal photographers and assistants are responsible for taking photographs, taking orders, and potentially developing/editing photos as well.What you’ll need: Portrait photography skills, photo editing skills, organizational skills (after all, no one wants mistakenly sent pictures of some other family’s kid sitting on Santa’s lap), customer service skills, and problem solving skills, because camera snafus while there’s a long line of people waiting to see Santa can be problematic. It also can’t hurt if you have a knack for getting toddlers to smile at just the right time for a lasting photo.Election WorkersThis is one of the more unusual ones on the list, in that you may not think of it as a â€Å"seasonal† job. But the fact is that every November there’s some kind of election going on in your town or district, and staff is needed to manage the voting process, check in voters, and ensure that election laws and best practices are being followed. Many polling places rely on volunteers, but some towns and cities hire poll workers to manage the crowds and ensure smooth voting and accurate reporting.What you’ll need: Strong organizational skills, and a solid sense of civic duty.Warehouse WorkerBehind the retail scen es, there are thousands of warehouse workers needed to make sure that goods are getting where they need to go throughout the holiday season, whether that’s store shelves or customer orders shipped directly. Companies like Amazon in particular bulk up its warehouse staff during the holiday season, in anticipation of keeping operations running at peak volume around the clock. Other top employers in this area include shipping companies like FedEx or UPS, which keep packages moving at a high volume to accommodate tight shipping deadlines and incredibly high demand.What you’ll need: The stamina to work while standing for long periods of time, as well as the ability to lift heavy objects. These jobs may also involve the use of heavy equipment to move freight.Delivery DriverWarehouses aren’t the only logistics centers that need extra help during the holidays. Companies typically hire extra drivers for the season, to accommodate the higher volume of packages going in an d out.What you’ll need: A valid driver’s license (and possibly a Commercial Driver’s License as well), a clean driving record, and excellent navigation and time management skills.Customer Service AssociateCustomer service is another major area where companies need extra help during the holiday season (and slightly beyond, to accommodate post-holiday issues with gifts). These seasonal employees may work on site or remotely via phone or internet chat to answer questions, help customers troubleshoot issues, and escalate as necessary. Customer service can be a round-the-clock proposition, so you can likely expect overnight, weekend, or holiday shifts.What you’ll need: A solid customer service resume. You’ll need customer service skills first and foremost, as well as tech skills like handling multi-line phones, recordkeeping software, and internet chat programs. You’ll also need strong problem-solving skills, as much of your time may be spent hel ping to diagnose and resolve problems for customers.Tax AssociateNo one really likes to think about the looming tax season while in holiday mode, but after the new year has passed and life goes back to normal, seasonal tax associates are in high demand. Tax preparation companies hire temporary employees to accommodate the demand from January through April. If you have a background in financial math and familiarity with the U.S. tax system, this can be a good gig for you in the post-holiday season.What you’ll need: Strong math and accounting skills, a bachelor’s degree in a related field, and familiarity with tax preparation software.If you’re looking for a part-time seasonal gig, you have lots of opportunities to match your skill set, interests, and availability. The retail-facing jobs are perennial favorites for a reason (consistency, plenty of jobs available), but if retail isn’t your thing, there are lot of other options.

Acid Rain in Hamilton Ontario Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Acid Rain in Hamilton Ontario - Research Paper Example The acid rain in turn pollutes the lakes making them acidic, which kills the fishes and other species in water, also affecting the trees which die due to acidic nature of the rain. Humans are also affected as they have to encounter various health issues. As a response, various short term and long term measures are being taken which have effectively reduced the emissions; however a lot needs to be done as the hazards of the problem are too severe to ignore. Acid rain has become a severe environmental hazard in the recent past due to the environmental implications it leaves on the ecosystem as well as on the human health. As a basic phenomenon, due to pollution in the environment owing to industrial waste or other reasons nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide are released in the atmosphere which is evaporated. These evaporated chemicals descend back on earth in the form of acid rain, creating severe hazards for the environment. Acid rain is one of the most crucial concerns for North America and Canada, as industrial emissions released in the atmosphere are surpassing the limits causing environmental hazards. According to a recent research, this problem has been predicted to continue for at least another 60 years. Hamilton Ontario located in Eastern Canada can be taken as a case study to inquire about the issue in detail, as this locale has been a victim of acid rain in the past and strong actions have been implemented to resolve the issue1. In context to the Hamilton Ontario, the first concern related to the causes behind the severity of the issue in this area. Since Ontario lies in Eastern Canada, the cloud approaches this area from the US. The industrial wastes emitted through the factories running in the US emit suphur and nitrogen containing acidic chemical in the environment which pollute the clouds2. When the winds blow east, they carry the clouds along which cause acid rain to drop over the area in the form of rainwater.

Reserach proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reserach proposal - Essay Example The postmodern media revolution could only aggravate the situation further with, especially since 9/11 disaster, misrepresentations and distorted images of Islam and Muslims gaining unprecedented and higher visibilities in the Western public spheres. However, despite the seeming ruptures this process of representation and misrepresentation has a definite historical and political backdrop embedded within huge cultural politics spanned across the centuries, ever since negotiations of different sorts had commenced between the Christian and Muslim cultures. This project attempts to study about western perceptions of Islam especially since the middle ages to the contemporary times and the surrounding cultural politics, both international and domestic. The specific objectives of the study are: 1. To deconstruct the meaning and understanding of Islam and Muslim culture at large as they are predominantly represented within the western culture – since the medieval to modern times. 2. T o throw light upon the historical and political backdrop and the cultural elements invariably involved in the production of knowledge about Islam and its culture in the west. 3. ... The attempt is precisely oriented towards exposing the hidden cultural politics behind stereotyping a whole culture and on what basis such stereotypes get reception and get reproduced over different periods of time. Contextualising the project and review of literature As I mentioned earlier the proposed project shall focus on the image of Islam in the West from the medieval ages to the present. The study is immensely significant since the â€Å"West must deal with Islam as a growing social, political and religious reality† (Quinn, 2008: 17). A significant development in the recent global politics, especially in the aftermath of the 9/11 incidents and the recent war on Iraq and the related events, is the emergence of a fungible notion of Islam and terrorism. Issues pertaining to Islam are already finding their place in the cutting edge of political, military and economic interests of the West. The terrain is much complicated, and still adds onto it, with the fact that a great d eal of ignorance about Islam and its culture in general is further manipulated by those in the political forefronts in the West to build upon a historically and culturally constructed notion of hostility and incongruity between Islam and Christian cultures. The images, representations, and perceptions of Islam are â€Å"abound in the academic and popular press† throughout the twentieth-century world (Mirza, 2007: 2). Perhaps with the intellectual and technological changes, together with the recent historical events in the contemporary Muslim world, greater attention to certain institution or faith such as Islam has become widely possible (Esposito, 1999: ix). Bassiri (2010) has traced this synonymous usage between Islam and terrorism back to the age of Reagan

Personal reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Personal reflection - Essay Example These will increase food production to a great extent that will satisfy a nation’s population. In my thought, a growth in the economy should provide sufficient wealth for the whole population. Mostly, this does not happen because the population the poor grows rapidly and they do not share in the increased industrial expansion. The tragedy of commons is a trap that involves the conflict between resources of individual interests and those of common good. The problem with arising from this measure in managing the human population is the assumption that commons need to be regulated both the international and national agencies. In my thought, it is not entirely possible to control the commons or convert them to private property. In most countries, there does exist a gap between the existing population and what is regarded as the optimal population. Reasons, why countries have sub-optimal population, vary both geographically and historically. Daly suggests that tradable permits are a measure that can be use to control the human population. The allusion to birth rights for income inequality is contrasted. In my opinion, the tradable rights to have children are the only means to manage the human population. Each girl should be given a license to allow her to have, say, two children. Tradable birth rights may be a better measure as couples who have more than two children will risk previous the economic

Negligence and duty of care

Negligence and duty of care Duty of care. Duty of care is the first element of negligence and therefore, in order to discuss further on duty of care, one would have to first define the tort of negligence. In Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co,[1] the courts defined negligence as an omission of something which a reasonable man would do and the doing of an act which a reasonable man would not do. In Heaven v Pender,[2] the courts held that the presumption of duty of care arises when one person is placed in a position with regard to another person or property, it is in ordinary sense that if he does not use reasonable ordinary care in his conducts, he would cause danger or injury towards the other person or property. Therefore, ordinary care is required to prevent the occurrence of such danger. In Stovin v Wise,[3] the courts explained that generally there is no duty to rescue a stranger from danger. The duty mentioned above is regarding duty that is imposed by law or in other words, it is a legal duty. Test to determine the standard of duty of care. There are a few test that is used in determining the existence of duty of care. The primary test is the neighbour principle established in the well-known case of Donoghue v Stevenson.[4] In this case, Lord Atkin laid down that the rule that you are required to love your neighbours becomes a law by itself and it requires one to take a reasonable care to prevent any acts or omissions that can be reasonably foreseen to be likely to cause injury to your neighbour. The question posed to this principle is regarding who is one’s neighbour in law. The courts held that neighbour in law is someone who is directly affected by one’s act or omission. It is a reasonable man’s test whereby the courts would have to determine whether a reasonable man would foresee that his conduct would affect the plaintiff adversely. If the answer to this hypothetical question is yes, then the plaintiff is considered to be his neighbour and he owes a duty of care to the neighbour.[5] It is essential to note here that the neighbour principle requires the defendant to be a foreseeable victim and thus, in order for the defendant to be a foreseeable victim, there has to be a close proximity. Therefore, the neighbour principle requires the plaintiff to be of a close proximity with the defendant. The plaintiff would not be a foreseeable victim if there is no proximity between the plaintiff and defendant. In the case of Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd,[6] the courts held that the principle laid down in Donoghue v Stevenson should be regarded as a milestone in determining whether there exist a duty of care. This principle significantly assist the development of the law of negligence. Prior to the case of Donoghue v Stevenson, there was vagueness in the law regarding civil liability for carelessness.[7] In an 1889 textbook, there was a list containing fifty-six various duties of care.[8] Therefore, the judgment in Donoghue v Stevenson brought an end to the chaotic situation and had introduced the law of negligence as a separate civil wrong. The next test used by the courts to determine whether duty of care is established is the Anns test laid down by the courts in Anns v Merton London Borough Council.[9] This is a two-stage approach laid down by Lord Wilberforce whereby the first is to determine whether there is a relationship of proximity between the alleged tortfeasor and the person who had suffered the loss. If it foreseeable that the carelessness of the tortfeasor would lead the other party to suffer damage, then a duty of care would on prima facie be established. The second stage of this test requires the court to take into account any considerations that may negate the said duty or to reduce and limit the scope or group of persons that the duty will be imposed upon. This two-stage approach in essence is to determine whether it is reasonable to foresee that the defendant’s act or omissions will cause any damage to the plaintiff. If it is reasonable to foresee that the defendant’s act would cause harm to the plaintiff, then there exist a presumption of duty of care.[10] This test receive heavy criticism in Governors of the Peabody Donation Fund v Sir Lindsay Parkinson Co Ltd.[11] The courts in this case held that the neighbour principle laid down by Lord Atkin should be proved before the duty of care is presumed to exist but the scope of the duty depends on the facts of the case. The courts should consider whether the duty of care imposed on the defendant is just and reasonable. In Curran v Northern Ireland Co-ownership Housing Association Ltd,[12] the learned judge, Lord Keith, held that the Anns test has been given more importance than it should have been given and held that the test need not be applicable in future cases in establishing the duty of care. The third test used in determining the duty of care is the Caparo test which is derived from Caparo Industries plc v Dickman.[13] In this case, there were three factors that is needed to be fulfilled to establish duty of care. The first is the courts must determine whether the damage caused is reasonably foreseen, the second is whether there is any policy to negate the duty of care and the third is whether it is just and reasonable. If this requirements are fulfilled, then duty of care is established.[14] It is important to note here that all three elements under the Caparo test needs to be fulfilled in order for duty of care to be established. Development in Malaysia. In Malaysia, the courts have used all of the above test. However, the test that is currently used by the courts is the three stage test which is the Caparo test. This can be seen in the case of Majlis Perbandaraan Ampang Jaya v Stephen Phoa Cheng Loon Ors.[15] In this case, the Federal Court had referred to the Caparo’s case do determine whether duty of care exist. The issue that arises in this principle is whether this principle only applies to economic loss or it may extend to all situations. The courts used the foreseeability test and held that this test applies to all situation. The courts only had to determine whether the duty of care which is imposed upon the defendant is just and reasonable. The courts went on stating that it would be rare for the outcome of the test to be not just and reasonable. This test is used in a more recent Malaysian case which is Projek Lebuh Raya Utara-Selatan Sdn Bhd v Kim Seng Enterprise (Kedah) Sdn Bhd.[16] In this case, the courts reiterated that the standard of care to determine negligence is that of the reasonable man and it is an objective test. Another recent case is the case of Jordan Saw Yu Huan v Low Suan Chuan Ors.[17] In this case, the high court applied the Caparo’s test and the courts were of the view that it was just and reasonable to impose such duty of care upon the defendants and held that the defendants in this case had breached such duty of care. Therefore, it is clear that the recent development in Malaysia regarding the standard of care required to establish duty of care is more inclined towards the three-stage approach which is commonly known as the Caparo’s test. The courts in Malaysia had followed the Caparo’s test because this test requires that the damage caused to the plaintiff to be reasonably foreseen by the defendant. The defendant would not owe a duty of care if he cannot reasonably foresee the damage. Therefore, this test more straight forward as compared to the other test laid down earlier. [1](1856) 11 Ex 781 at 784. [2](1883) 11 QBD 503 at 507. [3][1996] AC 923 at 930-931. [4][1932] AC 562 at 580 (HL). [5]Norchaya Talib, Law of Torts in Malaysia (3rd edn, Sweet Maxwell Asia 2011) 98. [6][1970] AC 1027. [7]Dato Mohd Hishamudin Yunus, ‘JUDICIAL ACTIVISM — THE WAY TO GO?’ [2012] 6 MLJ xvii. [8]Thomas Beven, ‘Principles of the law of negligence’ (1889). [9][1978] AC 728. [10]Norchaya Talib, Law of Torts in Malaysia (3rd edn, Sweet Maxwell Asia 2011) 100. [11][1984] 3 All ER 529 (HL). [12][1987] 2 All ER 13, 710. [13][1990] 1 All ER 568 (HL). [14]Norchaya Talib, Law of Torts in Malaysia (3rd edn, Sweet Maxwell Asia 2011) 106. [15][2006] 2 MLJ 389 (FC). [16][2013] 5 MLJ 360 (CA). [17][2013] 4 MLJ 137.

Did Israel Cause the Events of September 11? :: Threats to World Peace

I will never forget the strange mix of terror and happiness in my fathers voice the afternoon of September 11, 2001. Knowing his proximity to the World Trade Center(3 blocks), and seeing the terrifying images of the attack on the television screen, I rushed to a phone after class and tried desperately to make contact. The moments that followed seemed like forever. Because of the tie-up in the phone lines, it took about 15 minutes to get through to New York. When I finally did get through, I was relieved to hear his familiar voice. He seemed to feel lucky that he had been fortunate enough to make it out of the terror alive. At the same time, he talked about the difficulty he was already having in getting the horrific events he had witnessed out of his mind. He recounted seeing both Towers fall and the searing images of groups of human beings jumping out of burning buildings hand in hand. Those indelible images will surely stay with him and with us for a lifetime. This story illustrates just how personally the catastrophe has hit home for me. As an American, I believe it has changed the course of our lives, and there are several ways I see America going from here. Many individuals have called for peace, while others for an all out retaliatory strike. I don’t think the question is that simple. It is now up to our leaders to make these difficult choices which may change our way of life as we know it, and we are going to have to make some strong decisions as citizens in order to let them know what we believe needs to get done. I think we have to acknowledge that this event was not an isolated incident. It has made a direct impact on the way each and every American born in this era will live their life. I will never again feel safe while riding in an airplane and that prospect frightens me. If we are no longer safe to do the simple things such as take a trip or go to a ballgame, how can we feel that we are free? In the end, the point of all this seems not only to be an attack on our country, but rather an attack on our freedom.

Learning Theory and Behaviorism

Learning Theory and BehaviorismOctober 16, 2012 Wundt’s Structuralism: †¢ Goal was to analyze the structure of conscious experience into its elements and components and their associative relationships. It was a form of metal chemistry †¢ Developed of the technique introspection, which requires trained introspectionists to look inward and describe/analyze the contents of their experience to a stimulus word †¢ Edward Titchner brought structuralism to the U. S. Cornell university listing 1000’s of elements of consciousness William James: †¢ James studied with Wundt, but rejected a static description of the elements of the mind. James thought the mind and consciousness to be adaptive function that envolved just as any other adaptive function †¢ Therefore, proper study of the mind is to relate its characteristics to purposeful, adaptive behavior. †¢ Hence the rise of functionalism. James was professor of psychology at Harvard Principles of Psych ology: †¢ James wrote this Titles were stream of thought, memory, reasoning, emotion, will, effects of experience Edward Thorndike: †¢ In the late 1800s at Harvard, drawing from James and functionalism and also Darwin’s ideas of evolution of species and their adaption to environment, he studied the progress cats made in solving a puzzle by learning a desired that is instrumental in bringing about desired outcome †¢ Notion of stimulus-response (reflexive vs. rational) was already firmly in the thinking of leading philosophers at the time, in the field of education Ivan Pavlov: In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel prize for his work on the chemistry of digestive juices in saliva †¢ His work with dogs required gathering large amounts of saliva for chemical analyses. Done through a tube surgically implanted in dog’s salivary gland and then simulating salvation with dried meat powder Unconditional†¦. †¢ Dried meat powder is an unconditional stimu lus 9UCS) in that it always triggers the response of salivating. We call the response unconditional response (UCR).Needs no learning †¢ Many pleasure, pain, and emotional responses and tastes and smells are unconditional Psychic Reflex: †¢ Pavlov and associates observed that dogs would often begin salivating before they were harnessed and before the meat powder †¢ Pavlov switched his path of study this psychic reflex †¢ Studies are among the most famous in psychology. Type of learning he describes is known as â€Å"classical condition† or â€Å"glandular conditioning† Conditional†¦. Stimulus in effect becomes a signal that the dog will be harnessed, presented with the meant, and will be salivating. †¢ The dog must perceive this connection. Its meaning and power as a signal depends on its reliability. Its meaning and power are conditional on its place in time and its frequency in the sequence, becoming conditional stimulus (CS). The psychic reflex becomes a Conditional response. Prior to perception of a connection to the UCS, all events are neutral in meaning with respect to UCS.Conditioning involves responding to a CS with a CR in anticipation of the occurrence of the UCS-UCR pair. Learning: †¢ Conditional response (CR) is the learned response to the conditional stimulus (CS) which gained meaning to the extent it anticipates the UCS-UCR pain. The CR is potentially a adaptive response, a preparatory response †¢ The UCS-UCR pair do not re-occur, then the power of the CS to trigger a CR is weakened. The CS no linger bring about the CR-extinction. Higher order conditioning: The CS must occur fairly closely in time to the UCS-UCR pain- interstimulus interval (CS & UCS) †¢ However once a CS has gained the power to anticipate the UCS, other neutral stimuli close in time to the CS will become conditioned. A CS signal the next CS, which signals the next CS and so on until the original CS signals the UCS-UCR pai n-higher order conditioning. Historical context: †¢ The pressure of universal education brought pressures for psychologists and educators to study the processes of learning †¢ Alfred Binet (advocate from France) developed a test to measure abilities so as to place students in the proper grade.Concepts of ‘intelligence’ and IQ soon followed †¢ Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that as a species of human beings evolved from lower forms of animal life. Though the gap between animals and human life remained wide in terms of language, thought, and civilization, question was just how intelligent are animals, are they closer to humans are intelligent than animals lower †¢ Industrial revolution; post revolutionary Russia and USA saw an ability to take classless societies and make it a brighter and stronger future, training an efficient workforce.John B. Watson: 1878-1958 †¢ Studied animal intelligence. He sought to move psychology more toward the empirical, deterministic physical sciences †¢ Empirical, means of the senses of implying data used in the science is observable, public, and objectively measured. Determinism implies a search for theories of cause and effect, identification of Aristotle’s immediate cause Behaviorists in control: †¢ Reshaping human society in the US and Soviet Union Philosophical behaviorism: belief that consciousness was an epiphenomenon †¢ Methodological behaviors: belief that observable objective measures of behavior are better over introspective self-report Operant Conditioning: †¢ Skinner says the probability of a response to the correct stimulus is more or less equal to that of any other response to other available stimuli. If the response to a stimulus brings about desired consequence, then the sequence of stimulus-response more likely repeated. Trial and error is as en equal probability for all possible responses on Trial 1 Terms: †¢ Reinforcer: sequence o f stimulus-response consequence; makes stronger the bond between the stimulus and the response †¢ Operant or instrumental response: behavior which bring about the consequence †¢ Skinner prefers to understand reinforcement as that which changes the probability of the response to the stimulus Reinforcer vs. Reinforcement: Reinforce is an event, a consequence that follows the response to a stimulus and is perceived to be connected to the response †¢ Reinforcement is a state of being that arises from the act of consuming or enjoying †¢ Positive reinforce is a positive rewarding consequence to response to a stimulus; all is good and you’ll do it again †¢ Negative reinforer is a painful consequence to the response to a stimulus; decreases probability of the response to that stimulus †¢ In negative reinforcement sequence is stimulus, response, negative reinforcerm escape response(which removes negative reinforce) positive reinforce.Total package: negati ve reinforcement. Probability of an escape/avoidance response is increased and the 1st response is decreased. Primary and secondary reinforcer: †¢ Primary: natural; one that does not have to be learned.Satisfy biological needs like hunger, thirst †¢ Secondary: consequence whose value must be learned through experience; come through socialization and subsequent learning †¢ Primary positive reinforcer: satisfies a natural need (food if you’re hungry, water if thirsty) †¢ Primary negative reinforcer: causes physical pain and discomfort (injury, illness) †¢ Secondary positive reinforcer: satisfies social and psychological needs (good grade, smile, kiss) †¢ Secondary negative reinforcer: socially punishing (failing grade, public slander, rejection letter) Classical and instrumental combined: A primary positive reinforcer=unconditional stimulus that follows some behavioral conditional response to conditional stimulus. †¢ Conditional stimulus is a secondary positive reinforcer Contingency: †¢ connection between a stimulus, response, and a consequence. One perceives the stimulus and performs the response expected †¢ extinction: when stimulus no longer elicits a response b/c reinforcer no longer appears †¢ superstition: one perceives a contingency when in fact there is none †¢ helplessness: perceiving no contingency between a stimulus and a response nd any desirable consequence, making no response †¢ fixed ratio: pattern is predictable †¢ variable ratio: pattern is random Resistance to extinction: †¢ skinner defines strength of learning as how resistance the acquired response to a stimulus is to extinction †¢ variable ratio schedule maintains responding far longer than fixed ratio †¢ fixed interval schedule gives reinforcer tot the last response as a certain interval of time elapses Psychological and emotional disorders A behavioral analysis of psychological & emotional disorders inc ludes the assumption that the symptoms (inappropriate behaviors, thoughts, or emotions) are acquired in a learning environment (i. e. not due to genetics or physiological dysfunctions or unconscious conflicts). †¢ Behavior therapy tries to extinguish the inappropriate responses to stimuli & train appropriate responses. Behavioral analysis of a phobia †¢ Phobia = learned, â€Å"acquired fear† o Intense fear or anxiety reaction to an event, classically conditioned by exposure to frightening, threatening, or painful stimulus. Instrumentally conditioned escape/avoidance behavior that takes very few trials, maybe only one trial to learn Obsessive compulsive disorder †¢ Obsessive state = intense drive state, often accompanied by images, thoughts, memories, desires, etc. related to drive state an identity †¢ Compulsive = behavior that corrects for or deals w/ the threat to the driving identity. Ritualized by repetition & success at keeping anxiety at bay. †¢ Compulsive behavior may originate in two ways: o 1.Person once praised for something & now seeks praise to maintain good feeling o 2. Person once punished for something & thus becomes anxious when this event occurs and does whatever to avoid punishment Behavioral analysis of anxiety and conflict †¢ The conflict of drives, stimuli, responses & consequences will result in indecision, inefficiency, & anxiety. Dollard & miller list the following: †¢ An approach-approach conflict: where two mutually exclusive positive consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli.The greater the emotional importance of the choice & the greater the finality (or temporal impact) of the choice, the greater the conflict: o Choosing whom to marry vs. choosing which friend to call o Choosing a book to read vs. choosing a film to watch on a weekend night o Choosing a car/house to buy vs. choosing a brand of frozen pizza to buy in the store †¢ An avoidance-avoidance conflict: where two mu tually exclusive negative consequences follow a response to two similar stimuli. Resolved in a manner similar to approach-approach. Choosing to cope with knee pain or having knee surgery o Choosing to write a paper or study for a test o Choosing any math course †¢ An approach-avoidance conflict: where two aspects of the â€Å"same† stimulus are in contradiction, one positive, one negative. o Enjoying the company of a friend, who also tends to get loud & obnoxious at parties. The conflict arises when the friend asks you to go to the party with her/him. o Contemplating a trip to Europe, but you have a fear of flying Behavioral analysis of anxiety & conflict The tension in approach-avoidance conflict in interpersonal relationships often forces a person to create a â€Å"safe-zone† in which, on the one hand, the person is not so far away from the other such that one needs to approach, but yet, on the other hand, the person is not so close that one needs to avoid the o ther. †¢ Often the zone is defined or verbalized in terms of emotional involvement, interpersonal distance, intimacy, time together, mode of communication, etc. â€Å"were just friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  meaning not lovers, cousins, or strangers. The safe zone evolves. It is negotiated b/t the two persons in the relationship to their mutual satisfaction, though true mutuality is often difficult to achieve. Also, conditions may change it over time, especially due to factors such as distance, other relationships, new info, etc. Depression †¢ Result of a generalized learned helplessness. †¢ Helplessness learned when most instrumental escape or avoidance responses to a primary or secondary negative reinforce fail to bring about relief through a cessation of the punishment, discomfort.Inactivity/apathy describe lack of instrumental responses; pain, numbness, sadness are the classically conditioned emotional responses. Dissociative disorder †¢ Dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder (split personality) involves learning a new repertory of behaviors, thoughts, & emotions that are appropriate (and therefore reinforced) in a new environment along side of a previously learned repertory of behaviors, thoughts and emotions that are appropriate in a different prior environment †¢ Prior environment associated w/ punishmentSchizophrenia †¢ double bind theory of schizophrenia: child raised in a home environment of confusing/contradictory messages from at least one volatile, toxic parent. The child’s behavior is not predictably right/good, wrong/bad. The child grows up never sure or relaxed, but stressed and anxious. Child emerges chronic mistrust of his or her ability to behave, think, etc. he/she learns to behave as if disconnected from reality B. F. Skinner †¢ wrote beyond freedom and dignity – we’re already living in a behavioral society.