History of English Language Essay Example Essay Example

History of English Language Essay Example Paper History of English Language Essay Introduction English linguistic communication. like many elements in the history. has gone many transmutations for nil is lasting in this universe. There are many lending factors that played in its development as what it is now including different influences brought to it by unifying of civilizations and sometimes war. English linguistic communication besides differs depending on the civilization of one’s state. since non merely one state is utilizing this as their official linguistic communication but many of them ; and. each has gone some alteration that represents their civilization. In this planetary period. English linguistic communication is considered as the world’s functionary linguistic communication through which. all states are united header towards future economic advancement and common apprehension of all people in the whole universe. Through this besides. war is avoided. common ends are set for the good of all. and hapless states are taken into history by international organisation. English linguistic communication so as widely accepted fact. is the lingua franca of the universe and the linguistic communication of economic sciences. English linguistic communication. since it is replacing other antecedently dominant linguistic communications of the universe such as Gallic and Spanish. is taught in about schools in all states from Pre-elementary classs to college classs. Through this emerging tendency. many pupils from flush states avail themselves of western instruction which they consider as an advantage in their calling. Some would even take English lessons in other states to get eloquence and competence. History of English Language Essay Body Paragraphs The ground buttocks is that. English is the lone means to pass on with all the people of the universe wherever you are or what of all time state you may be. Thus. international communicating is now possible regardless of which state you come from every bit long as you know even merely the basic and as their linguistic communications unite their apprehension of their civilization is strengthened. Development of Old English Language Old English linguistic communication had been developed through many constituents with its beginning from the history. Although. many historiographers believed and developed the hypothesis that English linguistic communication and other linguistic communications in many parts of Europe were indistinguishable because of groundss of similarities of many words. Aside from that. it was besides believed that Sanskrit. the old linguistic communication of India which was much older than Greek or German. had preserved common characteristics with that of Old English linguistic communication ( Baugh A ; Cable. p. 18 ) . It is easy hence to assume that English is a byproduct of the development of many linguistic communications in Europe which had merely one beginning. The Arrival of Celts in Britain English linguistic communication was known as the linguistic communication of English people. nevertheless. it was non the linguistic communication spoken by earliest colonists of the lands ; historiographers believed that many races had come and their linguistic communications were non known and recorded in the history until the reaching of the Celts which had the hint of Old English linguistic communication. and began the history of its development. The Celts were bronzy and iron-age dwellers and when they reached Britain they pushed the earlier colonists into the distant corners of the state through their mighty arms. Harmonizing to history. they arrived about 500 BC with linguistic communication known for being the first Indo-germanic lingua to be spoken in Britain. Celts and Celtic linguistic communication as they say had really small part in the Old English. as they tried to follow some of those words. However. bookmans believed that they influenced the grammatical construction of the linguistic communication ( Baugh A ; Cable. p. 82-83 ) . At this widespread promotion of English. many of those linguistic communications are no longer traced ; though. it is believed to be the first among the subscribers of the English linguistic communication development. nevertheless. its influence is no longer recognized today. Anglo-saxon Colonies In the beginning. Old English was an mixture of group of idiom linguistic communications. reflecting the diverse beginning of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. Anglo-Saxon was a group of different races with the Germanic people as the dominant among them who arrived in Britain during the 5th and 6th AD upon the invitation of the King of Briton to assist them against Roman encroachers. Thi s group had acquired influences of the Latin civilization including linguistic communication that after the prostration of Roman Empire in their state arrived in Britain to happen colony besides. Harmonizing to Barbara Fennell. there was no written record about linguistic communication usage in Britain before the Anglo-Saxon invasion ( Fennell. p. 55 ) . There were indicants that England was inhabited for 1000s of old ages prior to Anglo-Saxon invasion. with its known early dwellers as the Celts or Scotts. The Romans did non hold much lingual part on the linguistics development. but the collapsed of the Empire paved the manner for the colony of Anglo-Saxon. The native Britishers were either pushed into stray and farthest countries or they adapted the Anglo-Saxon’s manner of life. The Angli was really a Germanic folk which has been in Britain a twosome of centuries prior to Roman invasion. These Anglo-Saxon spoke Germanic idiom which had some similarities with the original col onists. the Celts which finally blended with them. Therefore. Germanic tribes began geting and settling in Kent. Not long when the Germans formed a land known in history as the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy. As these German folks struggled for high quality. Kent. the chief colony. emerged as the dominating folk which claimed sovereignty over all the lands of the South. Barbara Fennel pointed out that they dominated mostly because of the influence of centres of larning at Linchfarne. Subsequently. the land was passed from King Egbert down to his grandson Alfred the Great. and on to King Edward the Confessor who became Rex Anglorum. which means King of the English in 1026 BC ( Fennel. p. 57 ) . The meeting of Anglo-Saxon and Celtics had come to be known as the English people. and their linguistic communication as the English linguistic communication. The Norse Influence Of class. there had been more developments and important part towards the lingual development of the English linguistic comm unication. But. finally. invasions and colonies had been the major factors for this development. The invasion of the Romans and the prostration of the Empire lay the land for the colony of Anglo-Saxon. while the inflow of more Germanic tribesmen overlay the initiation of a new state. In 787 to 850 AD. a new invasion and colony had taken topographic point ; the Norse under King Guthrum invaded Britain which was under King Alfred. As the Danes were defeated by King Alfred. they withdrew from King Alfred’s district but remained in Britain. Finally. he accepted Christianity and was baptized. The colony of these people in England non merely involved political and lingual assimilation but besides civilization and faith which are indispensable in the development of linguistic communication. The wining political assimilation that follows after the Norse invasion every bit good as the exogamies of political swayers had been instrumental in Anglo-Saxon – Celtic people to be iden tified as an English people. Fennell said that King Henry’s replacement Richard II. was renowned as the lion’s bosom â€Å".who spoke small or no English at all. and spent merely six months in entire on English soil† ( p. 57 ) . Fennel’s accent on â€Å"speaking English and passing six months on English soil† meant two things. the beginning of the English linguistic communication and of the English state. The Linguistic Development during the Middle Ages Middle Ages had been a really important in the development of English linguistic communications after its assimilation during the meeting of Anglo-Saxon and Celts. This period gave manner to the promotion of the linguistic communication in footings of words incorporation from other native linguistic communications specifically the Northern European and some Germanic folks. This was besides important in the enlargement of the linguistic communication in its grammatical construction. Change in the In flectional Endings Inflectional terminations are unstressed syllables at the terminals of words of most of Old English linguistic communication such as –en in drunken. The decay of inflectional terminations was attributed to the influence of Vikings in their linguistic communication and at the same clip. the Germanic linguistic communication has a emphasis on the first syllable and non on terminations. Some of those terminations that were omitted were -a. -e. -u and –an. which had been equally reduced to -e. ( pronounced ) . Another change involved the loss of concluding -n after -e in unstressed syllables. For illustration. drinken. from Old English drincan â€Å"to drink. † became first of all drinke and so imbibe ( Baugh and Cable. 1993. p. 155 ) . Fennel had besides observed these important alterations in the English linguistic communication. She pointed out that the â€Å"development of more fixed words order and the loss of inflections† ( p. 97 ) . characterizes the Middle English. Further. she observed little consonantal alterations in such that certain sonant consonants became unvoiced and other unvoiced consonants became sonant ( p. 97 ) . The Noun and Adjectives Old English is besides typified in footings of infection wherein they add letters to the terminal of the word to mean another significance either from remarkable to plural or gender differences. For case. the remarkable stan. stanes and stane holding its plural signifier of stanas. stana and stanum ; which harmonizing to Baugh and Cable. reduced to stan. stanes and stane. These alterations have been observed in the Modern English. Old English was seen as holding similarity with the Latin grammar which was more inflected. To observe. Old English had four instances: the nominative. accusatory. possessive and dative instances that are emphasized by adding letter/s at the terminal of the word. For illustration. the remarkable neuter had an stoping –a. feminine h ad –o. masculine had –n. On the other manus. Latin had six instances such as nominative. vocative. accusatory. possessive. dative and ablative. This development in English linguistic communication was evidently an influence of Roman in their linguistic communication. Throughout the development procedure. particularly coming into the Middle Ages. English linguistic communication had survived its –s plural signifier and the weak –n signifier go infrequent as in the instance of cattle. brethren. kids and cattle. Verb Form The Middle English had a grammatical regulation similar to the Modern English. In general. the first individual singular of the Middle English present tense verbs terminal in –e. the 2nd individual had –est. while the 3rd individual had –eb. This is applied to strong verb. while in weak verbs. word terminations used are –ed ( vitamin E ) . -d ( vitamin E ) . or –t ( vitamin E ) . It was besides usual in th e Middle English the Object -Verb sequence whereas the Modern English follows the Verb-Object form ; for illustration: so fell he down. which is contrast with today’s grammar construction as so he fell down. ( Fischer. p. 180-181 ) The infinitive –to was besides usual in Middle English which was later replaced by that. For case. He commanded them that they should bind him up. ( Fischer. p. 211 ) We will write a custom essay sample on History of English Language Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on History of English Language Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on History of English Language Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

How Fairuz can increase productivity without neglecting service quality The WritePass Journal

How Fairuz can increase productivity without neglecting service quality Introduction How Fairuz can increase productivity without neglecting service quality ). The most appropriate way in which their productivity can be increased is through applying different employee motivation strategies. These include offering reasonable remunerations, bonuses and rewards (Hartnett et al., 2011). Employees at Fairuz can also be made more productive by standardizing all processes, procedures and policies in the organization to create a sense of order. This saves time and maximizes efficiency (Medeiros et al., 2012). Even though these can be achieved at Fairuz, they may be hampered by high employee turnover because Fairuz’s budget may not allow it to compete with larger companies in terms of employee salaries. Small restaurants are always faced with the risk of losing employees to larger organizations. Measuring performance through key performance indicators Performance indicators that can be used by Fairuz to measure its performance, to establish flaws and make improvements, vary with the different departments. In regard to staff, the restaurant has to ensure that it has a sustainable wage cost (Sainaghi et al., 2013). This can be done hiring small but sufficient number of employees to cater for the 75 guests that the restaurant targets to serve. This will reduce the wage burden in the company and also make it possible to remunerate them well. Labour or wage costs can also be minimized by ensuring that employee turnover is minimized, given that it is nearly impossible to completely eliminate it, especially in restaurants. Costs that could be used in training new staff members monthly or weekly can then be directed to more productive activities in the organization (Choi et al., 2012). Other key performance indicators that can be used by Fairuz to determine its performance include seating efficiency, stock value, costs of food and profita bility (Sainaghi et al., 2013). Using Technology to increase Productivity Most of the companies in the services sector, which include restaurants, are fast adapting to the technological changes taking place in the industry to increase productivity and efficiency in service delivery (Tzeng Chang, 2011). Fairuz can use technology in all its departments to achieve an increase in productivity. For instance, it can acquire modern ovens or stoves for its kitchen that can be used to prepare more of food in a shorter time and on less energy. This not only makes it possible for the company to cater for many customers, but also increases its efficiency (Sloan et al., 2009). Technology can also be used to ease communication among employees within the restaurant. In this case, one of the technological equipment that Fairuz should acquire is the kitchen display system. This system provides real-time updates and information about food orders that have been made by clients and also monitors the speed of service (Katsigris Thomas, 2008). This is quite effective and time -saving than the traditional approach where servers had to take orders from clients then go to inform chefs in the kitchen. This consumes more time and is prone to human error. Whilst it is expected that technology will contribute towards an increase in efficiency and productivity, Fairuz has to consider that the initial costs to be incurred in setting up these technologies and training employees on how to use them is quite high. Therefore, an analysis needs to be done to establish the most ideal technologies to implement, which will assure it of a good return on investment (Allen, 2011). Improving quality Even as Fairuz strategizes to improve its productivity, it is also vital for it to ensure that the quality of service is not compromised. Thus, this section explains approaches that the restaurant can use to increase the quality of provided to its clients. Ensuring employee competence Restaurants have different departments that require different skills and competencies in executing their respective responsibilities. They can be classified into managers, chefs, servers and miscellaneous employees (OFallon Rutherford, 2011). To ensure quality, Fairuz has to ensure that it hires employees that have the required qualifications and experience needed in delivering their required duties. In addition to this regular training sessions have to be organized to improve their competencies. If employees are competent, the chances of substandard service quality are greatly reduced (OFallon Rutherford, 2011). The fact that the restaurant serves Lebanese food means that the majority of clients are Lebanese. Thus, the company needs to ensure that a section of its employees are familiar with the Lebanese culture, foods and other dimensions that may affect their service perception. Being a small restaurant that mainly targets the Lebanese population, it may be challenging to hire the best talent since people with skills in this industry often target to work for larger organizations (Jang George, 2012). Therefore, Fairuz may be limited to selecting low-income people who may not be quite competent and provide them with on-job training to improve their competence. This approach can mainly be applicable for selecting employees in positions that do not require special skills, like waiters. Utilizing quality measurement tools It is quite vital for organizations to ensure that they have an ideal framework that they can use to gauge their quality of service. This involves benchmarking the company’s current progress, identifying the problems that might exist, predicting future outcomes and using key quality indicators that are applicable in the restaurant business to establish their position in terms service quality (Barnes, 2003 ). For Fairuz restaurant, measuring service quality should be done by comparing customer expectations and their perception of service. Whereas all restaurants work to meet or exceed customer expectations, there are several factors that may limit their capabilities to attain this objective. It is thus vital for Fairuz to collect regular client feedback to enable it establish any flaws that may exist in its service delivery and make the necessary changes (Grigoroudis Siskos, 2009). One of the most convenient ways that Fairuz can do this is through requesting waiters and receptionists to ask guests whether the meals met their expectations. The company also needs to link its website to a third-party review website like Tripadvisor, which will be vital in monitoring any customer feedback any time a review about the restaurant is made. Other approaches that can be used to do this include sending follow-up emails to clients and engaging more with clients over social media avenues. Positive feedback is an indicator of good service, while negative feedback indicates that the service offered is substandard and appropriate measures need to be taken to improve. One challenge that can be associated with this approach is that some clients’ views may be biased or in some cases, clients may provide conflicting feedback. Making comparisons with competitors in the market Perception of services at Fairuz is relative to clients’ perceptions of services in other neighbouring restaurants. In this regard, Fairuz will only be the preferred choice if its service quality is considered to be netter than that of its competitors (Grigoroudis Siskos, 2009). To obtain a competitive edge over other restaurants, Fairuz has to ensure that it utilizes customer feedback so as to align its services with the customer preferences. Due to the fact that customer tastes and preferences are prone to regular change, Fairuz also needs to carry out regular customer research by collection of customer feedback to decide on what changes it should consider making (Barnes, 2003). Through tertiary monitoring websites or by visiting its competitors’ social media sites, Fairuz can be able to identify the core strengths and weaknesses of its competitors. These will be instrumental in ensuring that makes its services better than those of its competitors (Kalluri Kodali, 2 013). However, whereas it is assumed that Fairuz is only in competition with restaurants of its level, there could be other bigger restaurants with unmatched capabilities that may be targeting the same clients. This poses a great threat to Fairuz. Using Technology to Improve Service Quality Service quality in restaurants can be improved through incorporating several technological solutions. Whereas food is a major part or determinant of customer satisfaction, the whole experience of customers in the restaurant is also dependent on several factors (Tzeng Chang, 2011). For instance, Fairoz can ease the process of making reservations by providing an option for it on its website. In addition, free Wi-Fi can be provided in the restaurant for clients who are interested in surfing the internet when having a meal at the restaurant. Technology can also be used in the collection of customer feedback, which is vital in improving the service quality at Fairuz. The most appropriate cost-effective approach that is relevant to the present-day customer is social media sites like Facebook and Twitter (Tuten Solomon, 2012). Fairuz has to consider subscribing and increasing its activity on social media to monitor customer feedback.   Point of Sale (POS) systems are also ideal feedback collection systems for restaurants. Though the mentioned technologies improve the service experience of customers and can also be used by the company to improve its service production, there are certain disadvantages that may arise. For instance free Wi-Fi might expose some clients to internet threats, especially those who may be unaware of how to secure their information when online (Cheema Papatla, 2010). Conclusion Service quality and service productivity are both vital for service based companies, which include restaurants. Therefore, as companies strive to increase their productivity, it is also necessary for them to ensure that service quality is also improved, and vice versa. This proposal has provided suggestions of approaches that can be used to improve service production and service quality at Fauruz, a small scale Lebanese restaurant that is based in London. The suggestions that have been presented include effective human resource management approaches, utilization of quality and production measurement approaches, and incorporating technology in the restaurant’s operations. Though these recommendations have a high potential of increasing service quality and productivity, some of the limitations associated with them have also been provided. Whereas this proposal has provided suggestions for Fairuz, they can also be applicable to other companies in the industry. References Allen, K.R., 2011. Launching New Ventures: An Entrepreneurial Approach. Mason: Cengage Learining. Assaf, A.G., Deery, M. 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