Planning: A Key Factor in the Success of a Business

Planning is a key factor in the success of any business, and conversely, the failure to plan adequately is one of the fastest routes to business failure. There are many considerations that an entrepreneur must decide such as: type of business, legal structure, permits and licenses, market planning, business plan, location, organization management planning, business telephone line, mission statement, and a business checking account. There are many sources of information to help to start a business in an organized way, such as a business plan from the office of Economic Development & Planning located in the County Office Building, or books in that can be found in any library. The first decision that the entrepreneur must make is what type of business he/she wants to start. The decision should be based on the amount of knowledge and skill that they have in the field that they are considering. The better that they know the industry, the stronger there likelihood they will have a successful business, and the better base they will have for the rest of the decisions that will have to be made in the time to come. The next important decision in the business planning process is the legal structure of the company. The three legal structures are Sole-proprietorship, Partnership and a Corporation. Each one of these legal structures has its advantages and disadvantages. The different aspects that each legal structure differs are: management control, capital, liability, income taxes, business continuity, and government regulations. The understanding of these different issues is crucial to the decision of which structure is the best one for the entrepreneurs business. Be sure to consult an attorney before making this decision. In a sole-proprietorship, the owner retains total control of all the decisions that need to be made. The ability to raise capital is limited by the financial resources and the credit worthiness of the individual owner. The owner has the ultimate liability for all the actions and debts of the business. A sole-proprietorship is not a separate taxable entity. The individual owner reports business revenue, expenses and net income (or loss) on his/her individual tax return (form 1040). The business ends with death of owner unless previously sold or transferred. The government has very limited regulations, and few records are legally required. A D.B.A. (Doing Business As) form is available at most office supply stores or at a County Department of Economic Development office, which also requires a small fee. Completed form with notarized signatures must be filed with the County Clerk†s Office. In a partnership, the control is shared by the partners in accordance with the partnership agreement. If there are two partner†s the agreement does not have to be fifty-fifty. It can be what ever the two decide on in the beginning. The ability to raise capital is expanded somewhat as partners are able to pool their respective financial resources. Both partners have joint and several liabilities for actions and debts of partnership. The partnership is not a separate taxable entity. An information return (form 1065) must be filled out each year to report partnership activity; however, individual partners report their respective shares of income (or loss) personally. The business ends with death of a partner unless written partnership agreement contains transfer conditions. The government has limited regulation and few records are required. They should have a partnership agreement, which is available at most office supply stores or at the local County Department of Economic Development office. Completed form with all signatures notarized must be filed with the County Clerk†s Office. It is advisable to consult a lawyer about a partnership agreement before filing the certificate. With a corporation, the day-to-day control rests with the hired management team. Ultimately control is vested with the Board of Directors who are influenced through the voting process by the shareholders. The ability to raise capital is potentially greatly expanded because additional shares of stock may be sold. The liability of the individual shareholders for actions and debts of the Corporation is limited to their equity investment. A C Corporation is a separate taxable entity (form 1120 is required to be filled out). An S Corporation is taxed essentially like a partnership. An information return (form 1120s) must be filled out. The business has a perpetual life distinct from that of its owners. The shares of stock are freely transferable. The government treats a Corporation as a separate legal and taxable entity, and extensive record-keeping is required. There are also complex operating regulations to follow (which differ from state to state). Forms to incorporate are available at any office supply store and should be filed with the Secretary of State in Albany (518-474-6200) if planned start up is in New York State. Licenses and permits are grants of authority from the Federal, State and local political subdivisions to individuals, corporations or partnerships to carry on certain activities. Licenses often involve the payment of fees and proof of qualification by examination. Legally, it is up to you (the business owner) to know if your business requires licensing. Before you start a project, carefully research the applicable state and local laws. For local licenses and permits contact the village/town hall and the county office for local requirements. If you plan to operate a business in your own home, check to make sure you are not in violation of local zoning ordinances. For a construction company the owner or contractor will need to have specific permits and licenses for each job. A call to the County Clerk†s office gets you started with local government. Depending on your plans, you may also need to check with your local planning board, zoning board and building inspector. For construction jobs it is advisable that you check with the DOT regional office in the area of the project to determine if any permits may be necessary for your particular job. There are many occupations in which various governmental agencies and privately owned businesses require the worker to have a license before he/she can work on the project. Each year there will be fewer trades people, contractors, ect., that will need to be licensed. In the years to come it must be expected that all contractors, trades persons, etc. will be required to be licensed by government authority. The majority of cities in the United States require the trades people to be licensed to conduct their business. As the business owner and the employer it is your responsibility to determine if a licensed operator is required for the job. If a license is required you must assure that only a properly licensed person performs the job. The failure to make sure that the employee has the correct license for the job can result in severe penalties and possible imprisonment. It is generally required that in larger cities workers such as carpenters, plumbers, welders, truck drivers, crane operators, heavy equipment operators, masons, steel erectors, laborers, etc., all have the proper licenses. Some licenses are state issued and are required in order to work any place in the state (crane operators, truck drivers, etc.).

Diffusion across a Selectively Permeable membrane Essay

Introduction: Diffusion is movement of molecules from one area of concentration to another. This process is vital for the life functions of cells. Cells have selectively permeable membranes that allow only certain solutions to pass through them. Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion that allows water to go through semi-permeable membranes of high water potential to a region of lower water potential. Water potential measures the tendency of water to leave one place and into another. Diffusion and osmosis is responsible for the movement of molecules in and out of cells. Diffusion and osmosis can be shown using dialysis tubing which is a membrane that is made of regenerated cellulose fibers into a flat tube. When solutions that contain dissolved substances, are separated by a membrane like the dialysis tubing, some may readily pass through it and others may not due to the size of the molecules. Hypothesis: Diffusion and osmosis will occur once dynamic equilibrium is reached. If a substance contains molecules small enough to pass through a selectively permeable membrane then they will readily pass through it without the solution or substance, which is inside the membrane, getting out. Materials: String Starch Solution I2KI Solution Plastic cup Disposable transfer pipettes Strips of dialysis tubing soaked in water Timer Scale Method: First you will have your dialysis tubing soaked in water ready for the experiment. Once the dialysis tubing in being soaked, wash your hands to get rid of any oils or dirt that may be on them. Remove the tubing from the water and tie off one end. Open the other end using two fingers in a rubbing motion so that the tubing will separate and open. Use a disposable pipette to fill the tubing with starch solution. Once the tubing is filled leave a bit of space so that expansion may occur and tie off the end and place the tubing on the scale to see how much it weighs. Fill the cup with distilled water and add I2KI solution to the water. Place the tubing inside the cup for 30 minutes and record any color change. Record the color change of the bag every 5 minutes until 30 minutes have passed. Take the tubing out of the water solution and place on the scale and record any weight change. Data: Solution sourceOriginal ContentsOriginal colorOriginal Weight5 min color15 min color25 min color30 min colorFinal weightFinal Contents BagWater 1% starchWhite/ milky10gWhite slightly blueMilky inside darker blue Darker blue some white visibleDarker blue no white visible11gWater 1% starch + iodine BeakerWater, I2KIAmber yellowN/AAmber YellowAmber YellowAmber YellowAmber YellowN/AWater and iodine Results: The results show that the water, glucose, and I2KI molecules were small enough to pass through the selectively permeable membrane which was the dialysis tubing. I would expect for the color change to occur in the cup instead of inside of the tubing if we had started with the starch in the cup and the I2KI inside the tubing, because the iodine would instead of going into the bag, would leave through the bag and into the starch inside the cup. Discussion and conclusion: The data shows what molecules can and cannot diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane. The color change that occurred showed that the I2KI molecules were small enough to pass through the pores of the membrane or dialysis tubing. This data also shows that the water and glucose solution moved out of the dialysis bag because water molecules are small enough to pass through the membrane. No mistakes were made in this experiment but many could have occurred. If the tubing was not tied correctly a leak could have occurred and the experiment would have failed and been inaccurate. References: â€Å"Diffusion and Osmosis.† Diffusion. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014 â€Å"Diffusion.† And Osmosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. â€Å"Osmosis.† Osmosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.

Essential Facts You Need to Know About Planet Earth

Earth is unique among the planets of our solar system; its particular conditions have given rise to all sorts of life, including millions of plant and animal species. The planet is incredibly diverse—it has tall mountains and deep valleys, humid forests and arid deserts, warm climates and cold. Its 195 countries are home to over 7.5 billion people. Key Takeaways: Planet Earth †¢ The third planet from the Sun, Earth has a unique physical and chemical composition that allows it to support a huge range of plant and animal life.†¢ Earth takes about 24 hours to complete one full rotation and about 365 days to complete one full revolution around the Sun.†¢ Earths highest recorded temperature is 134 degrees Fahrenheit, and its lowest is minus 128.5 degrees Fahrenheit. Circumference Measured at the equator, the circumference of the Earth is 24,901.55 miles. However, the Earth is not quite a perfect circle, and if you measure through the poles, the circumference is a bit shorter—24,859.82 miles. The Earth is a bit wider than it is tall, giving it a slight bulge at the equator; this shape is known as an ellipsoid, or, more properly, a geoid. The Earths diameter at the equator is 7,926.28 miles, and its diameter at the poles is 7,899.80 miles. Rotation on Axis It takes the Earth 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 04.09053 seconds to complete a full rotation on its axis. However, it takes an additional four minutes for the Earth to revolve to the same position as the day before, relative to the sun (i.e. 24 hours). Revolution Around the Sun The Earth takes 365.2425 days to complete a full revolution around the Sun. A standard calendar year, however, is only 365 days. To correct for the drift, an additional day, known as a leap day, is added to the calendar every four years, thereby ensuring that the calendar year remains in sync with the astronomical year. Distance to the Sun and Moon Because the Moon follows an elliptical orbit around the Earth, and because the Earth follows an elliptical orbit around the Sun, the distance between Earth and these two bodies varies over time. The average distance between the Earth and the Moon is 238,857 miles. The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 93,020,000 miles. Water vs. Land Earth is 70.8 percent water and 29.2 percent land. Of this water, 96.5 percent is found within the Earths oceans, and the other 3.5 percent is found within freshwater lakes, glaciers, and polar ice caps. Chemical Composition The Earth is composed of 34.6 percent iron, 29.5 percent oxygen, 15.2 percent silicon, 12.7 percent magnesium, 2.4 percent nickel, 1.9 percent sulfur, and 0.05 percent titanium. Earths mass is about 5.97 x 1024 kilograms. Atmospheric Content Earths atmosphere is composed of 77 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and traces of argon, carbon dioxide, and water. The five main layers of the atmosphere, from lowest to highest, are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Highest Elevation The highest point on Earth is Mount Everest, a Himalayan peak that reaches 29,035 feet above sea level. The first confirmed ascent of the mountain took place in 1953. Tallest Mountain From Base to Peak Earths tallest mountain as measured from base to peak is Mauna Kea in Hawaii, which measures 33,480 feet. The mountain reaches 13,796 feet above sea level. Lowest Elevation on Land Earths lowest point on land is Israels Dead Sea, which reaches 1,369 feet below sea level. The sea is known for its high salt content, which allows swimmers to practically float in the water. Deepest Point in the Ocean Earths lowest point in the ocean is a section of the Mariana Trench known as Challenger Deep. It reaches 36,070 feet below sea level. High water pressure in this area makes exploring it very difficult. Highest Temperature The highest recorded temperature on Earth is 134 degrees Fahrenheit. It was recorded at Greenland Ranch in Death Valley, California, on July 10, 1913. Lowest Temperature The lowest recorded temperature on Earth is minus 128.5 degrees Fahrenheit. It was recorded at Vostok, Antarctica, on July 21, 1983. Population As of December 2018, the world population is estimated to be 7,537,000,0000. The most populous countries are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. Annual global population growth as of 2018 is estimated to be about 1.09 percent, which means that the population is increasing by 83 million people per year. Countries There are 195 countries in the world including the Holy See (the city-state of the Vatican) and the State of Palestine, both of which are recognized by the United Nations as non-member observer states. The worlds newest country is South Sudan, which was founded in 2011 after breaking away from the Republic of Sudan.

Identity and Belonging Essay Samples - an Outline

Identity and Belonging Essay Samples - an Outline The War Against Identity and Belonging Essay Samples To begin with, they ought to find what they're passionate about. That's what happened to me. Our identity can frequently be challenged. I would not have thought that. Nevertheless, you willsomeday Jackie. Exactly like Pearl Bailey has said, we have to change so as to survive. Sometimes she found it simpler to indulge Judith. When they find that thing they ought to come across people that are passionate about the exact thing. While we don't choose our families, we can select the close connections we forge with different men and women. On a literal level it's typical of the type of house a migrant family might decide to dwell in. For instance, a man might have the status of father in his loved ones, and is thus anticipated to nurture, educate, guide and guard his children. This can reaffirm the person's identity in society. They've now risen to attain more than nation al status but international also. After the requirements of food and shelter, we have to receive a feeling of acceptance from our peers and societal groups the certain individual revolves around to be able to judge our worth as a person to society. While we're changing, there are parts of identity that we don't have any control over and cannot be changed. Conforming to the demands of a group can often stifle one's true identity, and therefore a person can opt not to belong to a specific group. This approach attempts to spell out the developmental processes of Latino population which basically takes into consideration the feeling of self as a portion of an ethnic culture. Norbu thus demonstrates within this connection an authentic sense of belonging and its positive outcomes are found outside relationships. An individual can besides hold several functions and positions like an uncle. In other scenarios, forget the research step. The Good, the Bad and Identity and Belonging Essay Samples That is the reason we wish to belong somewhere. In addition, it fosters a feeling that we're accepted and loved. Belonging is felt through an individual when they're ready to acquire an understanding of themselves in regard to others. It is a basic need and we all need to belong in some way. Finding Identity and Belonging Essay Samples Online At this time, many are in a dilemma and it will become difficult for them to obtain an area in their new surroundings. It's frequently trick y to belong if we hold various thoughts. Peetr opportunities and values would enable the persona to feel a feeling of worth, since he's not able to distinguish these aspects, there's no feeling of belonging. Finally, relationships are frequently the connections in which individuals locate the truest sense they belong, but the fulfillment of the fundamental need to belong isn't strictly restricted to the confines of a relationship. To derive a real awareness of credence sometimes requires via media. To acquire a real awareness of acceptance sometimes requires compromise. Occasionally a compromise has to be made. Conversely, relationships that do not fit the traditional model of this sort of connection and therefore bring about negative outcomes for individuals can ultimately result in a legitimate sense of not belonging and its related notions of isolation and disaffection. Once an individual decides they do not need to belong to a particular group or community, they demonstrate strength and courage, along with a dominant, unique identity that's ready to cope alone. Therefore belonging is a simple need and we all must belong. Within this time of tweeting and snapchatting it's important to us to have a feeling of belonging. So as to belong to a group, we must give up a number of our personal freedom. A planning stage which leads to the essay outline will help to stick to the logic and include every req uired thought retrieved during the practice of brainstorming. PaperCoach can assist you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! All these thesis statements can be utilised as starting points for arguments about belonging! A choice to conform and belong, however, does not absolutely reap optimistic consequences. It is comparable to the reflective paper. Write down the most intriguing ideas on an individual paper. Mothers normally have complementary roles. Families ideally offer love. This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Essay Writing Service. To acquire a distinctive essay Hire Writer. A cultural identity essay is a kind of creative or academic writing that expresses the sensation of belonging to a specific culture credited to the growing up and becoming a distinct person with its personality. It is one which could be categorized as an over the top comedy. This is an essential portion of the film as it brings out the element of a film which can be watched by means of a family setup. The movie is a comedy drama that's simple to watch and revel in.

Native American Literature - 1067 Words

Native American Literature Storytelling Culture Introduction Native American author Nadine Thader has written a book called The Importance of Storytelling for the Survival of Native American Religion, and in the book Thader describes the way legends and stories were shared from one generation to another, and she insists that the most important function (of storytelling) is to display Native American religion (Thader, 2009, p 21). In fact much the history of Native American tribes has been and is today preserved through the art of storytelling. Thader references Arthur Grove Day, who explained that Indians made poems for many reasons, among them, to: a) praise their gods; b) speak to gods through rites; c) work magical cures or ask for supernatural aid in hunting; d) chronicle tribal history; e) teach proper conduct and explain the origins of the world; f) arouse laughter or ridicule a rival or bewitch an enemy; g) mark the beauties of nature; and h) to boast of ones greatness or to simply express joy and a spirit of fun (Thader, 21). Thader explains that one of the narrative strategies used by Native Americans is through trickster stories; tricksters are those that make mischief, play tricks, tell stories reflecting the consequences of stupidity, greed and inappropriate behavior that are supposed to be funny and make people laugh, Thader explains on page 23. An example of a trickster doing good deeds is Raven, whose story was originally told inShow MoreRelatedNative American And American Literature Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn all my years of studying literature while living in America, I have only one memory of ever having read anything Native American, and that was in grade school. Native American literature is typically left out of studies in general American Literature, although there do exist plenty of programs for studying these types of narratives separately and individually. It has yet to become a prominent area of study and there a differing reasons as to why this is. Part of the lack of study i n this subjectRead MoreAn Introduction to Native American Literature1015 Words   |  5 PagesAN INTRODUCTION TO NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE Native American literatures embrace the memories of creation stories, the tragic wisdom of native ceremonies, trickster narratives, and the outcome of chance and other occurrences in the most diverse cultures in the world. These distinctive literatures, eminent in both oral performances and in the imagination of written narratives, cannot be discovered in reductive social science translations or altogether understood in the historical constructions ofRead MoreEssay on Southeastern Native American Literature1215 Words   |  5 PagesSoutheastern Native American Literature Native American literature from the Southeastern United States is deeply rooted in the oral traditions of the various tribes that have historically called that region home. 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In Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko narrates through Tayo, a young Native American, who suffers posttraumatic stress disorder from World War I I, enters a journey of self-healing with Indian rituals. In Patriarchal Colonialism and Indigenism: Implications for Native Feminist Spirituality and Native Womanism, M.A. Jaimes Guerrero compares and contrast Native American womens roles being influenced in the pre-patriarchal and pre-colonialist times. In Representing ChangingRead MoreThe Role Of Birds In Native American Literature1425 Words   |  6 PagesEveryday birds fly in the sky. They leave the ground of reality and escape to the portal of the spirit world- the sky. Birds are prominent figures in Native American cultures. The significance and spirituality of birds in Native American culture is translated into Native American literature. In Monkey Beach, The Lesser Blessed, and Flight the main characters experience traumatizing events. 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The Entertainemnt Industry Essay Research Paper In free essay sample

The Entertainemnt Industry Essay, Research Paper In the past five old ages, the amusement industry has been more and more focussed on the thought of reality-based amusement. This huge desire for apparently unrecorded telecasting has made a great impact upon major web telecasting Stationss. Shows such as MTV? s Real World and CBS? s Survivor are great indexs of society? s compulsion with play in a? unrecorded? state of affairs. It seems our infatuation with these shows stems from our desire to concentrate our attending off from our ain trials and concentrate on jobs elsewhere. Our cryptic privation for struggle among others has forced many webs to arouse such play, for illustration in Survivor, where outcasts are forced to take sides and ballot another member off the island. This thought of societal Darwinism in shows like Survivor and the of all time so popular Big Brother force major webs to make amusement that both provoke and stimulate dissension among participants. Personally, I feel that because of telecasting? s arrested development with reality-based plans, people are now turning to the film industry to acquire off from such realistic signifiers of amusement. Popular films such as Bedazzled, The Ladies Man, and The Exorcist all trade with phantasy type state of affairss. Bedazzled, starring Brendan Frasier and Elizabeth Hurley is about a adult male who sells his psyche to the Satan, played by Hurley. Moviegoers can merely get away world for a few hours by entertaining themselves with subjects such as this. Genres concentrating on such phantasies are seldom seen on prime-time telecasting these yearss, particularly on the major webs such as FOX and ABC. Why is this? Well my feeling is that people feel as if they deserve to come place and take their head of the problems they had for the twenty-four hours. By being able to watch shows such as ER, which ranked first among viewing audiences this past hebdomad, people can direct their attending ont o another individual? s play while disregarding their ain. Voyeurism today is clearly an index of alteration in gustatory sensation for viewing audiences around the universe. Harmonizing to Time Almanac:1999, the top three shows of 1998 were Seinfeld, Veronica? s Closet, and Friends. If you look at the top three shows during months while a world based show is being aired, you will most typically find that show to be figure one among viewing audiences in the rankings. This turning tendency of live-based amusement is puting a new phase for 20 first century viewing audiences today. Real-life issues nevertheless can be distorted at times when being seen 2nd manus. MTV? s Real World has been accused several times of redacting their tape intentionally to demo struggle for the viewing audiences. From my position, I do non see how you can non intentionally make struggle when you put seven wholly different people into one house. Add cameras and you are guaranteed play. This was the same for CBS? s Big Brother this past season. Although the bulk of clip occupants got along merely all right, there were many scenes that focused on the personal jobs of those populating in the house. Whether it dealt with a crush on another member of the house, or a dissension, viewing audiences were able to associate their issues to those in the house, doing them experience as if they are non entirely. This is a primary ground why we see such an addition in reality-based telecasting these yearss. If you analyze current rankings among primetime web shows, you will non happen as many world based shows. This is because seasons of both Survivor and Big Brother hold merely ended. New series? will be coming out sometime in 2001, where webs experience the impact will be even greater than last clip. ABC? s Who Wants To Be A Millionaire is nevertheless still one of the top syndicated shows in the industry today. This provides both a fiddling and existent life position for viewing audiences out at that place. Unlike its other rivals in the universe of? live based? telecasting, Who Wants To Be A Millionaire gives those who watch substance, alternatively of pure provoked struggle. Honestly, from my point of position, I feel the relationship between the film industry and the modern-day issues in society do non stand for each other at all. Movies in my sentiment trade with much more with unrealistic subjects. Either when speaking about comedy, or horror-based movies, films tend to supply a much greater position of our inventive side. Recent movies such as Me, Myself, and Irene and Whipped, give audiences insane comedy that would neer be thought of in the existent universe. I besides feel films leave a greater impact on the head than telecasting shows do. Because films can be sometimes far fetched, people are many times inspired to move upon what they have seen in films. Many school violent deaths such as Columbine have been said to be inspired by films, specifically Basketball Diaries, in which Leonardo Di Caprio? s character shoots his full category during school. These fantasy thoughts given to viewing audiences can sometimes be unsafe for vulnerable adolescents to see, but thanks to Torahs such as our evaluation system, the industry tries it? s best to maintain such films out of the heads of our young person. Another relationship that I found to be really insightful is that of the every night intelligence and play based shows such as Large Brother. As focused on earlier in this category, intelligence today trades with largely negative information and fact-finding coverage. This so called play we see in the intelligence is extremely demanded ; ironically this is precisely what voyeuristic viewing audiences yearn for every bit good: a state of affairs where struggle and negativeness are extremely prevailing. In a state of huge assortment, society has found a common involvement when it comes to telecasting shows today. Reality-based amusement is decidedly the criterion for today? s major webs. It will be interesting to see what Stationss come out with in the following few old ages that deal with our voyeuristic wants. The inquiry on my head is how far are people willing to travel when it comes to subjecting themselves to the populace for agencies of amusement. From what I have witnessed so far, the more money offered, the farther people are willing to take away their privateness and hard currency it in for celebrity. What we must recognize though is that telecasting shows that are based on existent life are still telecasting shows. It? s amusement and we must non allow ourselves acquire buried into the convulsion of others we see on Television today, even if it seems? populate? .

Mind And Machine Essays - Artificial Intelligence,

Mind And Machine Mind and Machine: The Essay Technology has traditionally evolved as the result of human needs. Invention, when prized and rewarded, will invariably rise-up to meet the free market demands of society. It is in this realm that Artificial Intelligence research and the resultant expert systems have been forged. Much of the material that relates to the field of Artificial Intelligence deals with human psychology and the nature of consciousness. Exhaustive debate on consciousness and the possibilities of consciousnessness in machines has adequately, in my opinion, revealed that it is most unlikely that we will ever converse or interract with a machine of artificial consciousness. In John Searle's collection of lectures, Minds, Brains and Science, arguments centering around the mind-body problem alone is sufficient to convince a reasonable person that there is no way science will ever unravel the mysteries of consciousness. Key to Searle's analysis of consciousness in the context of Artificial Intelligence machines are refutations of strong and weak AI theses. Strong AI Theorists (SATs) believe that in the future, mankind will forge machines that will think as well as, if not better than humans. To them, pesent technology constrains this achievement. The Weak AI Theorists (WATs), almost converse to the SATs, believe that if a machine performs functions that resemble a human's, then there must be a correlation between it and consciousness. To them, there is no technological impediment to thinking machines, because our most advanced machines already think. It is important to review Searle's refutations of these respective theorists' proposition to establish a foundation (for the purpose of this essay) for discussing the applications of Artificial Intelligence, both now and in the future. Strong AI Thesis Strong AI Thesis, according to Searle, can be described in four basic propositions. Proposition one categorizes human thought as the result of computational processes. Given enough computational power, memory, inputs, etc., machines will be able to think, if you believe this proposition. Proposition two, in essence, relegates the human mind to the software bin. Proponents of this proposition believe that humans just happen to have biological computers that run wetware as opposed to software. Proposition three, the Turing proposition, holds that if a conscious being can be convinced that, through context-input manipulation, a machine is intelligent, then it is. Proposition four is where the ends will meet the means. It purports that when we are able to finally understand the brain, we will be able to duplicate its functions. Thus, if we replicate the computational power of the mind, we will then understand it. Through argument and experimentation, Searle is able to refute or severely diminish these propositions. Searle argues that machines may well be able to understand syntax, but not the semantics, or meaning communicated thereby. Esentially, he makes his point by citing the famous Chinese Room Thought Experiment. It is here he demonstrates that a computer (a non-chinese speaker, a book of rules and the chinese symbols) can fool a native speaker, but have no idea what he is saying. By proving that entities don't have to understand what they are processing to appear as understanding refutes proposition one. Proposition two is refuted by the simple fact that there are no artificial minds or mind-like devices. Proposition two is thus a matter of science fiction rather than a plausible theory A good chess program, like my (as yet undefeated) Chessmaster 4000 Trubo refutes proposition three by passing a Turing test. It appears to be intelligent, but I know it beats me through number crunching and symbol manipulation. The Chessmaster 4000 example is also an adequate refutation of Professor Simon's fourth proposition: you can understand a process if you can reproduce it. Because the Software Toolworks company created a program for my computer that simulates the behavior of a grandmaster in the game, doesn't mean that the computer is indeed intelligent. Weak AI Thesis There are five basic propositions that fall in the Weak AI Thesis (WAT) camp. The first of these states that the brain, due to its complexity of operation, must function something like a computer, the most sophisticated of human invention. The second WAT proposition states that if a machine's output, if it were compared to